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Xtrox University Microfilms 900 North ZoobRowl Ann Arbor, MtcMoan 48100 75-19,440 GATES, Jam Whitehead, 1938- TOE FORMULATION OF CIIY COUNCIL POLICY AND TOE INTRODUCTION OF TOE PROTESTANT REFORMATION IN NURQ4BERG, 1524-1525. The Ohio State U niversity, Ph.D., 1975 History, modem Xerox University Microfilmst Ann Arbor, Michigan 4Bt06 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. THE FORMULATION OF CITY COUNCIL POLICY AND THE INTRODUCTION OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION IN NUREMBERG 1524-1525 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fu L£illinent of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor o f Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jann Uhitehea d Gates, A.B.Ed., A.M. I * * * * * * ' The Ohio State University 1975 Reading Committee: Approved By Harold J. Grimm R. Clayton Roberts Robert Bremner Adviser Department'of History ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to acknowledge the help and guidance o£ Harold J. Grimm, who served as my adviser during my years of graduate study at The Ohio State University. Dr. Otto Fuchner, Director of the Bavarian State Archives in Nuremberg, and his s ta ff provided me courteous and e ffic ie n t help while I was collecting materials for this study in 1972 and 1973. I am also grateful for the help and friendship of Dr. Gerhard Hirschmann, Director of the Nuremberg City Archive. Harold J. Grimm and Robert A. Gates read the manuscript, and I appreciated their sug- . 1 gestions for both substantive and stylistic changes. To my husband, Bob, my parents, Grace and Ed Watson, and my young daughter, Leslie, my thanks for th eir constant encouragement. ii For Linda VITA July 2, 1938 Born - Pontiac, Michigan 1956-1958 Graceland College, Lamoni, Iowa 1960 A.B.Ed., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 1960-1961 Teacher, Lincoln Park High School, Lincoln Park, Michigan 1962 A.M., Stanford University, Stanford, California 1963-1965 Teacher, Elmira High School, Elm ira, Oregon 1963-1964 U niversity of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 1965-1966 Teacher, Sheldon High School, Eugene, Oregon 1973-1974 Teaching Associate, Department of History, The Ohio State j U niversity, Columbus, Ohio ! FIELDS OF STUDY Renaissance and Reformation Harold J. Grimm Medieval Europe Early Modern Europe Tudor and Stuart England United States Modern China iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................................................................................. ii VITA ....................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................. Vi ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... v li INTRODUCTION SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY .................... 1 Chapter I THE CITY COUNCIL OF NUREMBERG AND THE REFORMATION FACTION WITHIN THE COUNCIL...................................................................'. 15 II THE ADVISERS TO THE COUNCIL.......................... 44 III LUTHERAN REFORMS IN 1524: THE CLERGY AS INITIATORS AND PETITIONERS ......................... 77 I IV FOREIGN POLICY AND THE RELIGIOUS QUES- ! TION IN 1524: THE BREAKDOWN OF THE j TRADITIONAL ADVISORY STRUCTURE | 110 V THE CARTHUSIAN CONTROVERSY IN 1524 AND 1525: THE LUTHERAN CLERGY AND THE LEGAL CONSULTANTS AS CO-EQUAL ADVISERS . 136 VI THE BACKGROUND OF THE RELIGIOUS COL­ LOQUY OF MARCH, 1525: STRATEGY IN THE HANDS OF THE REFORM FACTION.......................... 161 CONCLUSION COUNCIL AUTHORITY VS. PROFESSIONAL EXPERTISE...................................................................... 198 APPENDIX . 204 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................. 229 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Service Records of Members of the City Counci of Nuremberg 1524, 1525, 1526 18 2. Patterh s of Election to the City Council of Nur Amberg 1510-1532 ........................................ 24 3. Servici* Patterns of Senior Designates who Served on the City Council of Nuremberg 1524-1526 28 4. Assign jnent of the City Councilraen of Nuremberg to Co n:3ult Advisers on the Reformation 1524- 1526 36 5. Member 3 of the City Council of Nuremberg, 1524- 1526, who Attended a U niversity .................................... 38 6. Membe rh of the "Sodalitas S taupitziana"— 11 Mar tiniana" , ............................................................ 40 7. The Nu remberg RatBchlagbiicher 1524-1526 : Advise rs and Councilmen Assigned to Prepare Memori als on Religious Matters .......................... 62 8. Incide ats of Controversial Preaching in Nuremb erg in 1524 164 vi ABBREVIATIONS AB senior mayor (Alter Burgermelster) AG senior designate (Alter Genannter) d. died EH member of the council of elders (Alter Herr) El. elector GNMN Cermanischos Nationalmuseuro NUrnberg JB junior mayor (Junger Burgermeister) L assessor (Losunger) HVGN Mittcilungen des Vereins fOr Geschichte der Stadt NUrnberg OR captain general (Oberster Hauptmann) r. resigned RB Nuremberg Ratsbuch Rep. Repertoriun RSB Nuremberg Ratschlagbuch RV Nuremberg Ratsverlass StAN Bayerisches Staatsarchiv NUrnberg StadtAN Stadtarchiv NUrnberg StadtBN S tad tbibliothek. NUrnberg vii 1 INTRODUCTION SOURCES AND NETIIODOLOGY In the early 1520's It was not the Intent of reformers like Luther or Zwingli to create a schism within the monolithic Christian church or to establish Independent churches. The Catholic Church, however, perceived Its e lf under an attack so severe that major reform figures could not hope to maintain their theological positions and remain within the Church. In many cases the growing ranks of re­ formers found willing protectors among the secular lords and urban magistrates, who realized, whatever their perf ! sonal motives may have been, that espousing reform gavej them an opportunity to extract local religious institutions from the control of the Catholic Church and place them un­ der their own authority and supervision. The early leaders of the Reformation had not set out to construct new ter­ ritorially based churches, but this became, in fact, a con­ sequence of their reform ideas. The growth of confessional churches in the six­ teenth century had important social, political, and insti­ tutional consequences. Since World War II a growing num­ ber of scholars have shown interest in the broader implications of the Reformation. Attention is still given to theological questions and the writings of the reformers* hut the older portrayal of the Reformation "through the eyes of the reformers" has been challenged. The present study deals with several aspectB of the social and political conaquences of the Reformation. It is limited in geographic scope* but i t addresses the basic question of the interac­ tion of religious, social, and political forces. The city of Nuremberg is the geographic focus for 2 this study. Here as in other cities the establishment of a Lutheran territorial church occurred under the tutelage of the city council. The council appointed preachers sympa­ thetic to Luther's teachings in the early 1520's and of­ ficially approved Lutheran preaching at a public colloquy in March, 1525. It ordered the fir s t Lutheran church v isita tio n i in 1528 and adopted an evangelical church order in 15331. The council quickly learned that the Reformation movement had far-reaching social and political consequences. Even before the religious colloquy, the council was constantly evalu­ ating what steps were necessary to defend its tolerance of reform preaching against action threatened by the emperor and the Church. The city magistrates were also keenly aware that they