This is Public Health: A Canadian History The Sanitary Idea The Sanitary Idea . 1 .1 The .history .of .Canadian .public .health .begins . to .gain .momentum .after .Confederation . .The . Hygiene and Sanitary Reform . 1 .2 sanitary .reform .movement .required .a .number .of . fundamental .elements .before .it .could .succeed: . Confederation and Growth . 1 .3 the .gathering .of .information .on .mortality .and . Edward Playter, A Leader morbidity .levels .in .order .to .understand .and . in Canada’s Sanitary Reform . 1 .4 measure .public .health .problems; .activists .who . could .publicize .this .type .of .information .in .order . Expansion of Municipal to .mobilize .public .and .professional .opinion; . Public Health . 1 .5 and .the .existence .of .a .municipal .infrastructure . sophisticated .enough .to .be .able .to .implement . Ontario Takes the Lead . 1 .6 and .enforce .legislated .reforms .1 .Between .1867 . and .1909, .these .elements .were .still .being . Federal Impetus for Progress . .1 .8 developed .to .varying .degrees .in .Canada . The Montreal Smallpox The British. North America Act of. 1867 . Epidemic, 1885 . .1 .10 created the. Dominion. of. Canada. through. the. Confederation of. the. provinces. of. Nova. Scotia,. Bacteriology and Public Health New Brunswick,. Quebec. and. Ontario. .Prior . to. Laboratories . .1 .12 1867, what. little. organized. health. care. available. Pushing for Progress . .1 .13 was provided. locally. Some cities. and. towns. set up. local. health. boards, usually. after. a serious. epidemic. of. cholera, smallpox. or. typhoid .Legislation . permitting such. John Henry Walker, ©McCord Museum M991x.5.795 Walker, John Henry A depiction of death, 1878 1 . Heather .MacDougall, .“Epidemics .and .the .Environment: . The .Early .Development .of .Public .Health .Activity .in .Toronto, . 1832–1872” .in .R .A . .Jarrell .and .A .E . .Roos .(eds .) Critical. Issues in the History of Canadian Science, Technology and Medicine . (Ottawa: .HSTC .Publications, .1983), .pp . .145–151 1.1 This is Public Health: A Canadian History health boards. was. passed. by. the. Parliament. of. to .contaminated . Upper Canada. in. 1834. .There . was. little. mention. drinking .water .or .milk . of health. in. the. British. North. America. Act,. The .specific .causative . other than. establishing. federal. jurisdiction. over. bacillus was. identified. in. Connaught Sanofi Pasteur Limited, Archives Campus, quarantine and. marine. hospitals. .Provincial . 1880 .with .definitive .proof .that .it .caused .typhoid . governments had. responsibility. for. hospitals. in .1896 . .The .discovery .and .successful .testing .of . other than. marine. hospitals,. and. asylums. and. both .the .diphtheria .antitoxin .and .rabies .vaccine . quarantine stations. were. the. only. permanent. in .the .1890s .were .major .achievements .and . public health. institutions. .(In . this. era,. the. provided .the .first .reliable .and .scientific .biological . mentally ill. were. either. kept. at. home. or. in. insane. tools .for .the .control .of .these .deadly .diseases . asylums, where. they. were. often. brutally. treated. ). These .and .other .scientific .discoveries .between . Municipal government. authority. varied. widely,. 1850 .and .1900 .completely .transformed .the . even within. provinces. popular .understandings .of .the .nature .of . infectious .diseases, .including .their .origin, . Hygiene and transmission .and .how .to .fight .them . .Knowledge . Sanitary Reform about .how .infectious .diseases .were .spread . brought .the .realization .that .individuals .and . The .creation .of . communities .could .do .something .to .prevent . permanent .local .and . the .spread .of .disease .and .benefit .from .early . provincial .boards .of . detection . .This .new .way .of .thinking .was .called . health .was .still .a .work . the .sanitary idea, .and .it .first .spread .amongst . Sanofi Pasteur Limited, Connaught Campus, Archives Connaught Campus, Sanofi Pasteur Limited, in .progress .but .their . medical .elites .and .then .was gradually. .adopted . efforts .to .control .infectious .diseases .and .build . by .the .educated .middle .classes .and .then .later .by . effective .water .and .sewage .systems .were .aided . the .population .at .large . .Over .time, .long-standing . by .discoveries .of .the .bacteriological .revolution . beliefs .about .disease .transmission .were .replaced . in .the .1880s . .As .knowledge .and .infrastructures . with .new .understandings .about .personal . developed, .a .growing .number .of .voluntary . hygiene, .prevention .through .vaccination .and . organizations .and individual. .sanitary .reformers . early .diagnosis .and .treatment .2 preached .the .gospel .of .hygiene . .The .invention . of .the .microscope .permitted .the .discovery .of . The .challenges .involved .in .managing .human . the .microbe .in .the .late .17th .century, .but .the . waste .dominated .Canada’s .public .health .journals . field .of .bacteriology .didn’t .develop .until .the . in .the .1870s .and .1880s . .The .prevailing .approach . 19th .century .and .popular .acceptance .of .“the . to .the .disposal .of .excrement .at .this .time .was . germ .theory” .was .not .widespread .until .the .early . by .using .portable .dry-earth .closets .in .the .home . 20th .century . .Before .the .1880s, .many .common . with .a .variety .of .absorbents .and .then .burying . infectious .diseases were. .thought .to .be .due .to . the .waste . .People .became .increasingly .concerned . bad .air .or .heredity . .Typhoid, .for .example, .was . widely .thought .to .have .a .spontaneous .origin . 2 . .Nancy .Tomes, .The Gospel of Germs (Boston: .Harvard . University .Press, .1999); G . .Desrosiers, .“Le .système .de .santé . but .during .this .era, .growing .evidence .pointed . au .Québec .: .Bilan .historique .et .perspective .d’avenir” Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française, 53 .(1), .1991 . .p .6 . CHAPTER 1: 1867–1909 1.2 This is Public Health: A Canadian History Blackfoot Indians, Old Fort Whoopup, 1881 about .sewers, .wash .basins .and .toilets . Collective . rife with. poverty,. action .was .needed .to manage. .sewage .and . overcrowded housing. 4 garbage .and .to .purify .drinking .water .and .this .led . Provincial Dawson, W. George A17476 Alberta, Archives of and malnutrition. to .a .growing .government .role .in .the .prevention . Great .Britain .and .its .Public Health Act of 1875 . of .disease .and .death .through .public .health . .The . were .models .for .sanitary .reform .in .Canada . early .sanitary .reformers .embraced .the .need for. This .landmark .legislation .enshrined .the .British . hygiene .and .sanitation .with .religious .fervour .and . government’s .responsibility .for .the .health .of . their .commitment .helped .lay .the .foundations .of . the .people, .most .of .whom .were .living .in .old .but . Canada’s .public .health .infrastructure . rapidly .changing .cities .and .densely .populated . rural .areas . .In .contrast, .the .first .generation . Confederation and Growth of .Canadian .sanitary .reformers .“functioned . in .relatively .new .cities .which .were .trying .to . Mechanized . erect .basic .industrial, .housing, .and .sanitary . industry began. infrastructure .while .often .absorbing .immigrants . in Canada. in. the. on .a .scale .not .seen .in .Europe . .Outside . 1840s and. gradually. Canada’s .towns .and .cities, .the .widely .scattered . increased the. W. L. Bishop, NSARM accession Bishop, L. W. 27 no. 1983-240, no. populations .often .living .in .wilderness .conditions . concentration of. had .no .counterpart .in .Western .Europe .”5 economic power. and. the size. of. the. labour. force. by. the. 1890s. .Anglo- . Sanitary .reformers .worked .tirelessly .over . American industrial. and. financial. elites. were. well. several .decades, .trying .to .convince .the .federal . represented at. the. federal. political. level,. especially. government .to follow. .a .number .of .other . lawyers and. doctors. .Confederation . permitted. the. countries .and .set .up .a .national .department .to . creation of. larger. political. and. economic. structures. collect .vital .statistics, .build .sewers .and .reduce . and economic. growth. in. turn. resulted. in. expanded. the .impact .of .infectious .diseases . .Federal .interest . immigration from. continental. Europe,. in. addition. in .public .health .matters .tended .to .be .led .by . to the. usual. American. and. British. sources. .The . Members .of .Parliament . social, political. and. economic. elites,. however,. and .Senators .who were. 3 accession no. accession no. remained broadly. Anglo-American. medically .qualified . .In . 1980-195, no. 24 no. 1980-195, the .summer .of .1873, . NSARM If health. concerns. for. Indigenous. peoples. were. Dr . .William .Henry . considered at. all,. it. was. by. missionaries,. traders. Brouse, .Ontario .MP . Jean Holder, and individual. physicians. .The . health. of. First. for .Grenville .South, .led . Nations and. Métis. people. had. begun. to. seriously. Clayton & Sons, Halifax. a .select .committee .to . deteriorate by. 1900,. due. to. the. decline. of. the. Women sewing in look .into .the .sanitary . factory, 1900 fur trade. and. relegation. of. Indians. to. under-. developed and. isolated. reserves. that. were. 4 . Moffat .and .Herring, .1999; .History .of .the .Medical .Services . Branch, .April .1969 5 . Aleck .Ostry, .“Difference .in .the .History .of .Public .Health .in .19th . 3 . Desrosiers, .p . .8; .Canadian Encyclopedia