National Aeronautics and Space Administration Human Exploration & Operations Update on Mission Planning for NAC W.H. Gerstenmaier | Associate Administrator | HEO | Nov 30, 2016 JOURNEY TO Mr1RS All elements needed for a human Mars mission are in development now. NOW - MID-2020s 2018-2030 NOW - 2030s & BEYOND • Science missions pave the way to Mars • International Space Station operation through 2024 • Regular crewed missions and spacewalks in cislunar space • Commercial development of low-Earth orbit • Demonstrate entry, descent, and landing and in-situ resource use • Development of deep space systems, life support, • Verify deep space habitation and conduct a yearlong mission to validate readiness for Mars and human health • Conduct robotic roundtrip demonstration with sample return in the late 2020s • Demonstrate integrated human and robotic 2 operations by redirecting and sampling an asteroid boulder • Send humans to orbit Mars in the early 2030s Strategic Principles for Sustainable Exploration • FISCAL REALISM: Implementable in the near-term with the buying power of current budgets and in the longer term with budgets commensurate with economic growth; • SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION: Exploration enables science and science enables exploration; leveraging scientific expertise for human exploration of the solar system. • TECHNOLOGY PULL AND PUSH: Application of high Technology Readiness Level (TRL) technologies for near term missions, while focusing sustained investments on technologies and capabilities to address the challenges of future missions; • GRADUAL BUILD UP OF CAPABILITY: Near-term mission opportunities with a defined cadence of compelling and integrated human and robotic missions, providing for an incremental buildup of capabilities for more complex missions over time; • ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY: Opportunities for U.S. commercial business to further enhance their experience and business base; • ARCHITECTURE OPENNESS AND RESILENCE: Resilient architecture featuring multi-use, evolvable space infrastructure, minimizing unique developments, with each mission leaving something behind to support subsequent missions; • GLOBAL COLLABORATION AND LEADERSHIP: Substantial new international and commercial partnerships, leveraging current International Space Station partnerships and building new cooperative ventures for exploration; and • CONTINUITY OF HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT: Uninterrupted expansion of human presence into the solar system by establishing a regular cadence of crewed missions to cislunar space during ISS lifetime. 3 Human Space Exploration Phases From ISS to the Surface of Mars Ends with testing, research and demos complete* Today Asteroid Redirect Crewed Phase 0: Exploration Systems Mission Marks Move from Phase 1 to Phase 2 Testing on ISS Phase 1: Cislunar Flight Ends with one year Testing of Exploration crewed Mars-class Systems shakedown cruise Phase 2: Cislunar Validation of Exploration Capability Phase 3: Crewed Missions Beyond Earth-Moon System Planning for the details and specific Phase 4a: Development objectives will be needed in ~2020 and robotic preparatory missions * There are several other considerations for ISS end-of-mission Phase 4b: Mars Mid-2020s 2030 Human Landing Missions4 HEOMD Exploration Strategic Objectives • NASA is defining a set of near term missions which build capabilities necessary to plan more challenging missions. This steady progression along with phased hardware development ultimately will yield a capability to take humans to the vicinity of Mars in the early 2030s. • We are working toward a year-long “validation” cruise in cislunar space that will validate readiness to explore beyond the Earth-Moon system in the late 2020s • All of the basic hardware needed to operate in the proving ground and support transit flights to Mars is in some stage of development now. – Commercial cargo and crew for access to ISS-LEO private sector demand – SLS and Orion (SLS evolves thru block upgrades beginning with EUS) – Launch site infrastructure to support both NASA and commercial missions – ARM with SEP for in-space propulsion (evolvable to a Mars-class capability) – Deep space habitation (Basis for Mars transit hab) • NASA has baselined the Phase 0/1/2 Objectives (see back-up ) • NASA is focusing studies to determine and select architectures and technology for phase 3 and 4 (Mars sample return and Human landing and return) 5 Strategic Goal 1 Strategic Objectives 1.1 & 1.2 HEOMD • Journey to Mars narrative and STRATEGIC Journey to Mars Phase Goals defined in the NASA PRINCIPLES Journey to Mars Report • Previously documented Phase Earth Goals rolled into the Phase Earth Reliant Proving Ground Independent Objectives as appropriate Phase 0 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3+ Objectives Objectives Objectives Objectives • Cross cutting Objective Categories Transportation/Working in Space/Staying Healthy provide continuity among Phases DRIVES INFORMS • Future effort to align Phase Flight Test Objectives Objectives with the FTO's (ISS Increments, EM-1, EM-2, EM-X, ARRM, ARCM, other) 6 HEO Exploration Tactical Mission capability Development –Test objectives • The next step is to allocate Phase Objectives to flight objectives for EM-2 through 8; this work will be conducted in 2017-20 • Progress to date (see back up for details): – EM-1 well-defined: first test of integrated of integrated SLS/Orion stack; DRO around the moon; deploy 13 Cubesats (selected) – EM-2: first flight of SLS/Orion with crew and Exploration upper Stage; flight profile baselined as a multi-trans-lunar injection (MTLI) with a lunar fly-by free return trajectory. – Working toward 1 flight/yr cadence after EM-2; start of this cadence depends on FY17 appropriations and program performance – Initial cislunar habitation capability in early 2020s, depending on outcome of NextSTEP activity, and international planning/contributions – Asteroid Redirect Crewed Mission in ~2026 – Build up of cislunar habitation/logistics capability in mid/late 2020s leading to one- year shakedown cruise in 2029 with Mars deep space transport vehicle • NASA is aware of timing constraints and developing missions and baselining technologies as needed. This approach allows for new capabilities and provides resiliency in a chaotic environment. • HEO, SMD, and STMD are collaborating on technology developments, precursors, and trade studies for Mars robotic missions 7 EM-1 EM-2 EM-3 Goals Ground Launch Support & ) I Core Launch and Flight Infrastructure [N/A] l Capability ) Crewed Capsule Recovery [1] ,.. Core Stage & Booster 1 [ Ascent [8] J Vehicle Operations ) Execution & Planning [1] J Crewed Operations Integration Capsule Recovery and 1 Return Operations [1] J 4 Crew 21 day Cis-lunar Cis-lunar Transport & 1 Capability [ Return Vehicle [6] J l J I [ Crewed Flight Systems [2] Extended duration vehicle [ function (>21 days) ) Exploration Upper Stage Payload Element Capability j Lunar Velocity Earth Return l Performance ......, ~ ~ [ [6] ) lf --' Co-Manifested payload lf Integration & Deployment Rendezvous, Prox Ops, and [NEW] Docking [x] = Qty associated ESD FTOs '- ... • * Pending update against HEOMD • strategy & objectives Potential RPOD Secondary • Objectives [NEW] ~···· Leveling of mission objectives reduces risk and enables measurable progress against long-term agency strategy* 8 EM-1 Mission Profile EM-1 Mission Profile Considerations • Demonstrates initial SLS vehicle performance • Provides for challenging, extended (3 week) test of uncrewed Orion systems in the deep space environment • Demonstrates ability to enter, operate in, and exit DRO 9 • DRO remains an option for ARCM and Mars transit vehicle aggregation in the Proving Ground EM-1 Mission Objectives 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 0 EM-1 EM-2 Systems demonstrated ahead of crewed EM-2 flight: • Orion (LAS staging, power and thermal systems, navigation and control, communications with DSN, Complete In-Work thermal protection system, re-entry and recovery) • SLS (core stage and booster performance, stack 7 of 28 Exploration Objectives Complete or In controllability, staging, disposal) Work Following Success of EM-1 • EGS (integration, secondary payload processing, tanking, launch commit criteria, recovery) 10 EM-2 Mission Profile Acronyms: ARB: apogee raise burn CLP: co-manifested payload EUS: Exploration Upper Stage HEO: highly elliptical orbit MTLI: multi-translunar injection OTC: outbound trajectory correction RTC: return trajectory correction TLI: trans-lunar injection EM-2 Mission Profile Considerations: • 2-orbit detailed test objective permits checkout of crewed systems in highly elliptical orbit around the Earth before committing to Orion TLI • Free return provides return capability within suit consumable limits (144 hours); mission extension options post-TLI burn if all systems nominal • EUS TLI disposal burn post-Orion separation maximizes co-manifested payload capability 11 EM-2 Mission Objectives 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 0 Complete In-Work 12 of 28 Exploration Objectives Complete Accommodations for up to 6+ metric tons (growing or In Work Following Success of EM-2 to 10mT by EM-4) and 286m3 of co-manifested payload 12 Baseline Exploration Systems Capability NOTE: NASA’s schedule agency baseline commitments for launch readiness are November 2018 for SLS and EGS, and August 2023 for Orion (first crewed flight). However, NASA is working toward the crewed EM-2 flight in 2021. EM-1 EM-2 EM-3 EM-4 EM-5 EM-6 EM-7 EM-8 EM-9 EM-10 NLT Aug Launch Planning Date Nov 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2021* 2018* Block Block Block Block