Presentation by Mr. Cameron Flint Cloverleaf H.S. Lodi OH & Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Chapter 13 Learning Objectives After reading this chapter you should understand: • The decline of Spain, the United Netherlands, Poland, Sweden and the Ottoman Empire, relative to France and the newly formed Great Britain. • The struggle between absolutism and the aristocracy in France. • The remarkable stability of British political development. • The Austrian Habsburg succession crisis and the Pragmatic Sanction to secure the family’s dynastic holdings. • The emergence of Hohenzollern Brandenburg-Prussia as a major European power. • Peter the Great ’s efforts to Westernize Russia and make it a major European power. Section 1: The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline 1.1. WhatWhat ledled toto PrincePrince WilliamWilliam IIIIII ofof OrangeOrange toto power?power? HowHow diddid hehe becomebecome WilliamWilliam III,III, StadholderStadholder ofof thethe Netherlands,Netherlands, KingKing ofof England,England, Scotland,Scotland, && Ireland?Ireland? 2.2. WhatWhat werewere thethe sourcessources ofof DutchDutch prosperity?prosperity? 3.3. WhatWhat causedcaused thethe declinedecline ofof DutchDutch power?power? William III Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY TheThe Netherlands:Netherlands: TheThe ““LowLow CountryCountry ”” Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY 17c:17c: TheThe ““DutchDutch ”” CenturyCentury ItIt waswas aa politicalpolitical model.model. AA radicalradical attitudeattitude towardstowards religionreligion inin thethe country.country. AA certaincertain levellevel ofof religiousreligious toleration.toleration. Stable,Stable, thrivingthriving economy.economy. ““GoldenGolden AgeAge ”” ofof artistsartists andand thinkers.thinkers. ReligionReligion andand everydayeveryday lifelife werewere Ms. Susan M. Pojer recurringrecurring themesthemes inin theirtheir art.art. Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY DutchDutch SocietySociety Amsterdam,Amsterdam, Rotterdam:Rotterdam: granariesgranaries withwith enoughenough surplussurplus forfor oneone year.year. GenerallyGenerally higherhigher salariessalaries thanthan inin anyany otherother partsparts ofof W.W. Europe.Europe. EvenEven womenwomen hadhad higherhigher wages.wages. ““ProtestantProtestant workwork ethic.ethic. ”” ThriftThrift andand frugality.frugality. HadHad thethe highesthighest standardstandard ofof livingliving inin Europe!Europe! Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY ViewView ofof DoerdrechtDoerdrecht AelbertAelbert CuypCuyp ,, 1650s1650s Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY OudeOude KerkKerk [Old[Old Church],Church], AmsterdamAmsterdam Ms. Susan M. Pojer FirstFirst builtbuilt inin 1300.1300. Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY InteriorInterior ofof thethe OudeOude KerkKerk inin AmsterdamAmsterdam -- EmmanuelEmmanuel DeDe WittWitt Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY CatholicCatholic ““HiddenHidden ”” ChurchChurch inin thethe Attic,Attic, Amsterdam,Amsterdam, 1630s1630s Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY InteriorInterior ofof aa PortuguesePortuguese SynagogueSynagogue inin AmsterdamAmsterdam –– EmmanuelEmmanuel DeDe WitteWitte Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY PortraitPortrait ofof anan OldOld JewishJewish ManMan Rembrandt,Rembrandt, 16541654 Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY BewareBeware ofof LuxuryLuxury –– JanJan SteenSteen Ms. Susan M. Pojer ““GenreGenre ”” PaintingPainting Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY StillStill LifeLife withwith GiltGilt GobletGoblet WilliamWilliam HedaHeda ,, 16351635 Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS ““GenreGenre ”” PaintingPainting Chappaqua, NY UpperUpper --classclass Homes,Homes, AmsterdamAmsterdam EarlyEarly 1600s1600s Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY PatricianPatrician HousesHouses AlongAlong thethe CanalCanal inin LeidenLeiden Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY TheThe BurgherBurgher ofof DelftDelft && HisHis DaughterDaughter –– JanJan SteenSteen Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY TheThe LeidenLeiden BakerBaker && HisHis WifeWife JanJan SteenSteen Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY AA YoungYoung WomanWoman withwith aa WaterWater JugJug -- JanJan VermeerVermeer ,, 16621662 Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY GirlGirl withwith aa PearlPearl EarringEarring JanJan VermeerVermeer ,, 16651665 Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY TheThe DutchDutch EconomyEconomy ExportedExported diamonds,diamonds, linens,linens, pottery.pottery. NotNot muchmuch inflation.inflation. GreatGreat DutchDutch landland reclamationreclamation projectproject waswas acceleratedaccelerated duringduring thisthis time.time. MastersMasters ofof thethe ““carryingcarrying tradetrade ”” (lowest(lowest shippingshipping ratesrates inin Europe).Europe). Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY 17c17c DutchDutch GlobalGlobal CommerceCommerce Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY DutchDutch EastEast IndiaIndia Ship,Ship, midmid -- 17c17c Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY ReturnReturn ofof thethe DutchDutch EastEast IndiaIndia Fleet,Fleet, 15991599 Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY AmsterdamAmsterdam StockStock MarketMarket (Bourse)(Bourse) EmmanuelEmmanuel DeDe Witte,Witte, 16531653 Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Jewish refugees helped found it in 1602. Chappaqua, NY SamplingSampling OfficialsOfficials ofof thethe DrapersDrapers GuildGuild –– RembrandtRembrandt -- 16621662 Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY TheThe LaceLace MakerMaker NicolaesNicolaes MaesMaes Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY TheThe LaceLace MakerMaker JanJan VermeerVermeer ,, 16691669 --16701670 Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY TheThe AccountAccount KeeperKeeper NicolaesNicolaes MaesMaes ,, 16561656 Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY AA WomanWoman HoldingHolding aa BalanceBalance JanJan VermeerVermeer ,, 16621662 Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY ViewView ofof DelftDelft JanJan VermeerVermeer ,, 16601660 --16611661 Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY DutchDutch DelftwareDelftware English Delftware Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY DutchDutch WestWest IndiaIndia Company,Company, 16211621 NetherlandNetherland AntillesAntilles Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY 18c18c DelftwareDelftware TobaccoTobacco JarsJars Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY FortFort OrangeOrange (Albany,(Albany, NY)NY) inin NewNew NetherlandsNetherlands Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY NewNew AmsterdamAmsterdam (NYC)(NYC) SettledSettled inin 1624.1624. OfficialOfficial FlagFlag ofof thethe NYCNYC SealSeal ofof thethe CityCity ofof NY.NY. Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY NewNew AmsterdamAmsterdam (NYC)(NYC) Ms. Susan M. Pojer EarlyEarly 20c20c DutchDutch RevivalRevival BuildingBuilding inin NYC.NYC. Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY DutchDutch EastEast IndiaIndia Company,Company, 16021602 Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY ““AfricaAfrica ”” CenterCenter PanelPanel JanJan vanvan derder HeydenHeyden ,, 16641664 --6666 Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY TheThe DutchDutch inin Japan,Japan, 18c18c Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY DutchDutch ShipShip inin NagasakiNagasaki LateLate 18c18c Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY UniversityUniversity ofof Leiden,Leiden, 15751575 R By 1645, it was the largest university in the Protestant world. R The separation of the strong provinces hindered the power of any church to control intellectual life in the Ms. Susan M. Pojer Dutch Republic! Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY UniversityUniversity ofof GrGr ööningenningen ,, 16141614 R Along with Leiden, they were the first international universities. R Half of the students were foreigners. Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY RenRen éé DescartesDescartes The French philosopher lived in Leiden Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS from 1628 to 1649. Chappaqua, NY DutchDutch Optics:Optics: TheThe TelescopeTelescope Most agree that the telescope was invented by Hans Lippershey in 1608. Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY AstronomicalAstronomical Pioneer:Pioneer: ChristiaanChristiaan HuygensHuygens R Explanation of Saturn ’s rings. Ms. Susan M. Pojer R Horace Greeley HS Wave theory of light. Chappaqua, NY AntonAnton vanvan Leeuwenhoek:Leeuwenhoek: TheThe MicroscopeMicroscope && thethe DiscoveryDiscovery ofof MicroMicro --OrganismsOrganisms Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY AnatomyAnatomy LectureLecture ofof Dr.Dr. NicolaesNicolaes TulpTulp –– Rembrandt,Rembrandt, 16321632 Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY (detail)(detail) AnatomyAnatomy LectureLecture ofof Dr.Dr. NicolaesNicolaes TulpTulp –– Rembrandt,Rembrandt, 16321632 Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY JanJan VermeerVermeer andand OpticsOptics RR DidDid VermeerVermeer useuse somesome ofof thethe newnew discoveriesdiscoveries inin optics?optics? RR DidDid hehe useuse lenseslenses toto projectproject thethe imageimage ofof thethe subjectsubject [[ cameracamera obscuraobscura ]] ontoonto thethe canvas?canvas? RR ItIt isis arguedargued thatthat vanvan LeeuwenhoekLeeuwenhoek waswas