Geosynchronous Orbit Determination Using Space Surveillance Network Observations and Improved Radiative Force Modeling by Richard Harry Lyon B.S., Astronautical Engineering United States Air Force Academy, 2002 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JUNE 2004 0 2004 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. Signature of Author: Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics May 14, 2004 Certified by: Dr. Pa1 J. Cefola Technical Staff, the MIT Lincoln Laboratory Lecturer, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: Edward M. Greitzer H.N. Slater Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics MASSACHUSETTS INS E OF TECHNOLOGY Chair, Committee on Graduate Students JUL 0 1 2004 AERO LBRARIES [This page intentionally left blank.] 2 Geosynchronous Orbit Determination Using Space Surveillance Network Observations and Improved Radiative Force Modeling by Richard Harry Lyon Submitted to the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics on May 14, 2004 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Aeronautics and Astronautics ABSTRACT Correct modeling of the space environment, including radiative forces, is an important aspect of space situational awareness for geostationary (GEO) spacecraft. Solar radiation pressure has traditionally been modeled using a rotationally-invariant sphere with uniform optical properties. This study is intended to improve orbit determination accuracy for 3-axis stabilized GEO spacecraft via an improved radiative force model. The macro-model approach, developed earlier at NASA GSFC for the Tracking and Data Relay Satellites (TDRSS), models the spacecraft area and reflectivity properties using an assembly of flat plates to represent the spacecraft components. This 'box-wing' approach has been adapted for the UNIX version of the Goddard Trajectory Determination System (GTDS) at the MIT/Lincoln Laboratory. This thesis presents background and mathematical development of the macro-model approach. This thesis also describes software development and testing, including incorporation of a one-panel spacecraft model along with the full macro-model. A model for Earth albedo and Earth infrared radiation and related software development is also described. Additionally, this thesis gives details about the TDRSS macro-model, and explains the development of a macro- model for the NASA Geosynchronous Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) I-M spacecraft. Results of simulated data testing using the improved radiative force models are presented. The real data testing detailed in this thesis is an investigation into improving GEO orbit determination using the new force models along with observation data from the Space Surveillance Network (SSN). For the TDRSS spacecraft, HANDS optical observations are used in conjunction with the SSN data. NOAA ranging observations are included in some of the tests for the GOES-10 spacecraft. The space- based visible (SBV) observation model has also been incorporated into GTDS, and SBV observations are included in the orbit determination testing. The tests combine the various types of observation data, and implement various observations corrections and biases. The results of this thesis give a better understanding of the process of determining precise orbits for GEO spacecraft with the box-wing model and SSN observations. Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Paul J. Cefola Title: Technical Staff, the MIT Lincoln Laboratory Lecturer, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics 3 DISCLAIMERS The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This work was sponsored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Air Force Contract F19628-00-C-0002. "Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the author and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government." This material is based upon work supported under a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship. "Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation." 4 Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to thank the people who have helped me over the past two years and made this thesis possible. First, I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Dr. Paul Cefola, for his guidance and support over the past two years. It has been an honor to work with such a distinguished professional who has contributed so much to the field. You have taught me a lot, not only about astrodynamics; but also about management, leadership, and life. Second, I would like to thank Mr. Zach Folcik of MIT/Lincoln Laboratory for all of his hard work on this orbit determination study, and for teaching me to use UNIX, FORTRAN, and GTDS. Thank you for your constant help and work toward getting real data results and understanding the process for doing precision GEO orbit determination with GTDS. At MIT/Lincoln Laboratory, I would also like to acknowledge my other coworkers, especially Eric Phelps, Bob Flanagan, Rick Abbot, Lori Thornton, Carl Toews, Denis Durand, Anthea Coster, and Susan Shulman, for their expertise and help on this project; Armand Lagasse, Jim Apicella, and Sherry Robarge for computer support; Bonnie Tuohy, Lisa Lombardo, Karen Fraser, Nancy Meehan, Kathy Fellows, and Nancy Alusow for administrative and travel support; and the Lincoln management, including Peter Blankenship, Greg Berthiaume, Sid Sridharan, Mark Czerwinski, and Forrest Hunsberger, for their support. I would also like to thank several people from the Draper Laboratory for their help on this project: Ron Proulx for providing the DSST Standalone and his astrodynamics expertise, Rick Metzinger for his help with reflectivity coefficients, and Dave Carter for his advice on document editors. I would also like to thank Luke Sauter for his friendship over the years and throughout our many classes and workouts together. I also want to thank Ed Miller and Sandy Ashton at NOAA for their support of this project and for coordinating GOES observation data and testing, Ed Harvie and the GOES Flight Ops team for providing the GOES solar torque model, and Mike Wong of Space Systems/Loral for providing data to construct the GOES macro-model. I would like to thank the people from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, especially Scott Luthcke and Dave Rowlands, for their work on the TDRSS macro-model and for making the GEODYN source code available to this study. Thanks also to Mahima Kaushik and Ann Nicholson at Al Solutions, and Holly Offerman at Swales Aerospace for providing TDRS maneuver information and element sets to this study. I would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr. Chris Sabol of AFRL/AMOS for providing his HANDS observation data and his expertise in orbit determination and GTDS to this study. 5 I would like to thank Dr. Ken Chan at the Aerospace Corporation for providing his excellent work on solar radiation pressure and for discussing the project with me. I would like to thank Dr. T.S. Kelso at Analytical Graphics, Inc., for his help in providing SATCAT analysis. I would also like to acknowledge the many astrodynamics professionals that I have met at the AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist and Spaceflight Mechanics Conferences, including Dave Vallado, Sal Alfano, Tom Eller, John Draim, Kim Luu, and Jim Wright, for sharing their expertise and experiences with me. I would like to acknowledge my professors at MIT, especially Dr. Battin for his excellent courses in astrodynamics and Dr. Vander Velde for his courses in controls; Dr. Martinez- Sanchez, for being my academic advisor; and Marie Stuppard, for administrative support in the Aero/Astro department. I would like to thank Lt Lynch, my program manager at AFIT, for her support and for arranging TDYs. I would also like to thank the cadre at AFROTC Det 365, especially TSgt Meno for his help with Personnel issues and Col Rojko for his support in securing my PRK waiver and ENJJPT slot. I would like to thank the National Science Foundation for their support through the Graduate Research Fellowship Program. I would like to thank the MIT/Lincoln Laboratory for their support through the Military Officer Research Assistant Program. I would like to thank my family for all they have done for me, including my new family, for making me feel so welcome. I would especially like to thank my wife for always being there with support and love throughout our first year of marriage, and let Baby X know that we can't wait for their arrival. Most importantly, I would like to thank God for the many blessings in my life. 6 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction...................................................................... 23 1.1 Radiative Force M odeling ................................................................. 27 1.2 Orbit Determination Using Space Surveillance Network Observations 32 1.2.1 U.S. Space Surveillance Network (SSN) Overview ....................... 32 1.2.2 MIT/Lincoln Laboratory's GEA CRDA......................................... 34 1.2.3 AFRL/AMOS High Accuracy Network Determination System ........ 37 1.2.4 Russian Space Surveillance Center (SSC)......................................