Dan Brown versus John le Carré: An Imagological Approach to Literary Thrillers Radboud University Nijmegen MA Engelstalige Letterkunde Student: I.W.E. Kuijper Supervisor: Dr. D. Kersten __________________________________________ 2 Information Title: Brown versus le Carré: An Imagological Approach to Literary Thrillers Supervisor: Dr. D. Kersten Student: Ingrid Wilhelmina Elisabeth Kuijper Student ID: s4350952 E-mail: [email protected] Programme: MA Engelstalige Letterkunde Institution: Radboud University, Nijmegen Date: 20 June 2017 3 Abstract De hoofdvraag van dit onderzoek is: “Op welke manieren komen de representaties van de Europese en Amerikaanse nationale identiteit in karakterbeschrijvingen, settingen, en dialogen in de boeken van Dan Brown en John le Carré overeen met de tekstuele traditie van het stereotyperen van Europa en Amerika in relatie tot elkaar, en op welke manieren wijken deze representaties af van deze tekstuele traditie?” Het theoretisch kader dat toegepast wordt om deze vraag te beantwoorden is imagologie, zoals beschreven door Manfred Beller en Joep Leerssen in hun werk Imagology: The Cultural Construction and Literary Representation of National Characters. In de inleiding van dit onderzoek wordt de tekstuele traditie van stereotypering en de theorie van Beller en Leerssen toegelicht. Vervolgens zullen de hoofdstukken 1, 2, en 3 zich richten op verschillende aspecten in de boeken (Brown’s Angels & Demons, The Da Vinci Code, en Inferno, en le Carré’s The Tailor of Panama, Absolute Friends, en A Delicate Truth) waaruit stereotypering naar voren komt. Hoofdstuk één zal gaan over de karakterisering van Europese en Amerikaanse karakters, hoofdstuk twee zal zich richten op stereotyperende opmerkingen in dialogen, en in hoofdstuk drie zal de setting besproken worden en hoe dit gebruikt wordt door de schrijvers om bepaalde stereotyperingen te opperen alsmede te versterken. Dit alles zal leiden tot een imagologische analyse van de genoemde literaire thrillers. De verwachting is dat uit het onderzoek naar voren zal komen dat bepaalde stereotyperingen die deel uitmaken van de tekstuele traditie nog steeds aanwezig zijn in hedendaagse populaire literatuur. Daarnaast wordt ook verwacht dat wellicht de boeken van Dan Brown op een uitgesprokenere manier gebruik maken van deze traditionele archetypes dan de boeken van John le Carré. Tot op heden is er nagenoeg nog geen imagologisch onderzoek gedaan naar Brown en le Carré, waardoor het kan worden vastgesteld dat dit onderzoek iets nieuws zal toevoegen aan het onderzoeksveld. Keywords: Imagologie, Dan Brown, John le Carré, literaire thrillers 4 Table of Contents I. Introduction p. 5 – 10 II. Chapter One: Dialogues Under Scrutiny p. 11 – 27 §1.1. Dan Brown’s Angels & Demons p. 11 – 15 §1.2. Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code p. 15 – 19 §1.3. Dan Brown’s Inferno p. 19 – 21 §1.4. The Novels by John le Carré p. 21 – 27 §1.5. Chapter Conclusion p. 27 III. Chapter Two: A Closer Look at Character Descriptions p. 28 – 41 §2.1. The Novels by Dan Brown p. 28 – 34 §2.2. Le Carré’s A Delicate Truth p. 34 – 37 §2.3. Le Carré’s Absolute Friends p. 37 – 39 §2.4. Le Carré’s The Tailor of Panama p. 39 – 41 §2.5. Chapter Conclusion p. 41 IV. Chapter Three: Setting the Stage for Stereotypes p.42 – 51 §3.1.The Novels by Dan Brown p. 42 – 48 §3.2. The Novels by John le Carré p. 48 – 52 §3.3. Chapter Conclusion p. 52 - 53 V. Conclusion p. 54 – 57 VI. Works Cited p. 58 – 59 VII. Essay Cover Sheet p. 60 5 Introduction At a time when European alliances are questioned and countries are increasingly mindful of their own national identities it is interesting to examine these concepts in literature as well. Moreover, Europe’s increasingly strained relationship with America begs the question of how this relationship has been perceived in the past, and how it is being portrayed in fiction today. How are we perceived? And what is our image of the other? Novels that have included this dynamic between Europeans and Americans have followed a textual tradition of stereotyping the European and American national identities that Beller and Leerssen describe in their study Imagology: The Cultural Construction and Literary Representation of National Characters. However, Imagological research into this dynamic between Europeans and Americans has thus far mainly focused on nineteenth and early twentieth century fiction. To investigate how this relationship and these national identities are stereotyped today, it is important to look at contemporary fiction instead. Popular literature, and more specifically the genre of the literary thriller, is a perfect object of study because it appears as though these types of fiction rely more heavily on stereotypes and tropes than other, more literary and experimental genres do. In his text “Perception, Image, Imagology”, Manfred Beller explains how the perception of concepts such as image and imagination can be traced back to great Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle. It is, however, according to him, not until the age of the Enlightenment that these concepts are applied to nationality and national characterisations. He states that “[f]rom this moment onwards, the image of other countries and peoples has become an important argument, not only in political discussions between nations, but also in poetical representations” (3). Indeed, ever since the Age of Reason in the 18th century and the rise of Nationalism in the 19th century, more and more works of literature examine the dichotomy between two countries or continents through the lens of national characters and stereotypes. A good example of this is the novel The Portrait of a Lady by Henry James. The specific (national) stereotypes of Americans versus Europeans in relation to each other that James incorporated in his novel followed a textual tradition that pre-dates him, and that was maintained long after. This textual tradition presents Americans as innocent, honest, and naïve. Europeans, contrastingly, are displayed as knowledgeable, historically aware, conservative, and in some cases corrupt, deceitful, or just plain evil. James’ The Portrait of a Lady follows the story of the American Isabel Archer. Isabel 6 is portrayed as the stereotypical innocent and ignorant American girl, who wants to learn about history and culture on the European continent but instead encounters the characters of Madame Merle and Osmond who deceive her. In his article “The Portrait of a Lady as a Bildungsroman”, Yu-ch'eng states the following: “The action of the novel concerns mainly the pilgrimage of Isabel Archer which leads her from ignorance and innocence to knowledge and maturity. […] The lessons of the world will put an end to her cloistered innocence, mark her, mature her, and finally form her, so that at the close of the novel, her vision will be drastically different from her previous conception” (89-91). He seems to suggest here that although she is naïve and tricked by deceitful and manipulative people, going to Europe has ultimately brought her maturity. In the novel, Europe is thus portrayed as a setting of danger and manipulation, but also as a place of maturity and culture. These representations of America and Europe seem logical in hindsight as America was still a fairly young country in the 19th century. Representations of America and Europe as binary oppositions, with the US as innocent and progressive, are in line with the concept of America as “The New World”, and Europe as “The Old World”. However, the global and political landscape has changed significantly since James, and the relationship between the two continents may have somewhat shifted after the World Wars, with Europe often looking toward the US for help, but also regarding it as the birthplace of consumerism, capitalism, and even American imperialism. This study will examine if and how these national characterisations and national stereotypes are still perpetuated in popular contemporary literature of the late 20th and early 21st centuries or if they have changed and in that case, how they have changed. It will do so by answering the following research question: How do the representations of the American and European national identities in character descriptions, setting, and dialogues in the works of Dan Brown and John le Carré interact with the textual tradition of stereotyping Europe and America in relation to each other? The choice to focus on Dan Brown’s novels was made because a parallel can be drawn between the plotlines of these novels and James’ The Portrait of a Lady. Brown’s Angels and Demons (2000), The Da Vinci Code (2003), and Inferno (2013) all revolve around the American protagonist professor Robert Langdon. In each book Langdon is transposed to Europe in order to solve a mystery rooted in European history. European cities function stereotypically as dark and gloomy settings of historical relevance, but the character of Robert 7 Langdon himself appears to be less stereotypical than Henry James’ Isabel Archer. These three novels are therefore a good starting point to examine a contemporary perspective on the “American in Europe” plotline. The novels The Tailor of Panama (1996), Absolute Friends (2003), and A Delicate Truth (2013) by John le Carré function as appropriate counterparts to Brown’s novels because they were written around the same time as Brown’s, fall within the same genre of the literary thriller, and in turn examine the relationship between Europe and the US from a European perspective. Both authors have had their novels adapted to the screen and can be observed as having fallen into the realm of popular culture. The theoretical framework that this study will be built upon is that of Imagology as described by Beller and Leerssen in their book The Cultural Construction and Literary Representation of National Characters. A Critical Survey. In his chapter “Perception, Image, Imagology”, Beller explains how stereotypes in literature are formed.