Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Eco-City inChina CaseStudyofanEmerging A Sino-Singapore TianjinEco-City: THE WORLD BANK Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City: A Case Study of an Emerging Eco-City in China Technical Assistance (TA) Report November 2009 Foreword China is experiencing rapid and large scale urbanization—and the resulting local and global urban environmental challenges are unprecedented. The Chinese Government has fully recognized these challenges and is aiming to promote more sustainable urbanization in line with the objectives of the 11th Five Year Plan, which calls for “building a resource-conserving and environmentally friendly society”. Various initiatives are being pursued to support this objective, both at the national and local levels. At the local level, cities have responded by developing “eco-cities”, which aim to promote a more sustainable urbanization model. More than one hundred eco-city initiatives have been launched in recent years. One such initiative is the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City. Tianjin Municipality has requested that the World Bank support the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City through a Global Environmental Facility (GEF) grant that is currently under preparation. This Technical Assistance (TA) report was launched in conjunction with the GEF preparation process. The objectives of this report are to create a detailed knowledge base on Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City, and to provide policy advice on key issues and challenges, especially those related to the GEF project, early during the project’s design and implementation. Contextualizing the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City in the wider ecological urban development initiatives in China and broadening the Bank’s engagement beyond the GEF project was assessed to be important given the project’s complexity, and its potential to provide lessons learned for China’s sustainable urban development challenges. The report was prepared during the early development stages of the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City, mainly between September 2008 and June 2009, after the master plan was developed but before many of the detailed sector plans and feasibility studies were available. It therefore provides an initial overview of some of the key issues and challenges faced by the eco-city, many of which need to be further analyzed during the detailed sector planning and feasibility study review process. Given the scope of the project, the analysis presented necessarily had to vary in coverage, with some topics covered in greater depth than others. Acknowledgements The report was developed in collaboration with the Tianjin Municipal Government, the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City Administrative Committee, and the Tianjin Eco-City Investment and Development Company Ltd. The team would like to particularly thank Mr. Lin Xue Feng, Vice Chairman of the Sino- Singapore Eco-City Administrative Committee and his team for the open and constructive exchange of information and ideas that enabled the preparation of the report. The project was managed by Axel Baeumler and a core team including Mansha Chen, Arish Dastur, Hinako Maruyama, and Hiroaki Suzuki. Chapter one was written by Mansha Chen. Chapter two was authored by Arish Dastur based on inputs from Belinda Yuen and Mansha Chen. Chapter three was authored by Yabei Zhang based on inputs from Liu Feng, Bernd Kalkum, Bill Nesmiths, and Arto Nuorkivi. Richard Filewood (McCormick Rankin Cagney) wrote chapter four with inputs from George Darido. Chapter five was written by Khairy Al-Jamal with inputs from Sing Cho. Chapter six was written by Charles Peterson; chapter seven by Monali Randale, Nat Pinnoi, and Charles Peterson; and chapter eight by Axel Baeumler. Annex two is based on findings from a stocktaking study on Chinese eco-cities conducted by the Chinese Academy of Urban Planning. Dean Thompson edited the final report. Others who contributed to the report included Bob Taylor, Stephen Karam, Neeraj Prasad, and Sam Zimmerman, who served as peer reviewers. World Bank management provided valuable guidance throughout the process, particularly Christian Delvoie, Ede Ijjasz, and Keshav Varma. The project was supported by generous funding from the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID). Supported by the The World Bank Australian Government, AusAID Infrastructure Department East Asia and Pacific Region Disclaimer Disclaimer The views expressed in this publication are those of the This volume is a product of the staff of the World Bank. The authors and not necessarily those of the Australian Agency for findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein International Development (AusAID) do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Table of Contents Executive Summary ��������������������������� i Chapter I: China’s Ecological Urban Development: Progress and Challenge ���1 Chapter II: Urban Planning and Spatial Development ������������ 13 Chapter III: Energy Sector Overview ������������������� 27 Chapter IV: Transport Sector Overview ������������������ 48 Chapter V: Water Sector Overview �������������������� 65 Chapter VI: Solid Waste Sector Overview ����������������� 78 Chapter VII: GHG Emission Reduction Potential ������������� 91 Chapter VIII: Institutional, Financial, and Risk Management Challenges ���101 Chapter IX: Conclusion, GEF Project and Summary Recommendations ���� 114 Annex 1: Key Performance Indicators (KPI) for SSTEC ������������ 119 Annex 2: Summary Profiles of Eco-City Initiatives in China �����������125 Tables, Boxes, and Figures Tables Table E.1: Summary of Estimated GHG Emission Reductions ��������������� viii Table E.2: Summary Recommendations ������������������������ xii Table 1.1: Quantitative Indicators of “National Standards for Eco-Garden City” by MoHURD ��� 4 Table 1.2: “Indices for Eco-County, Eco-City and Eco-Province” by MEP ����������� 5 Table 1.3: SSTEC Key Performance Indicators ��������������������� 12 Table 2.1: Population Projections Up to 2020 ��������������������� 15 Table 3.1: Energy Sector: Key Performance Indicators ������������������ 29 Table 3.2: Additional Quantitative Objectives of Energy Sector Plan of SSTEC �������� 30 Table 3.3: Comparison of SSTEC GBES and National GBES for Residential Buildings ����� 33 Table 3.4: Objectives of Heat Supply in SSTEC �������������������� 35 Table 3.5: Sources, Types and Capacity of Heating System of SSTEC ������������ 36 Table 3.6: Comparison of Domestic Hot Water Sources ����������������� 39 Table 3.7: Example of Incentive Programs for Energy Efficiency/Renewable Energy in the US �� 41 Table 4.1: Transport Sector: Key Performance Indicators ����������������� 50 Table 4.2: Base Case Mode Share �������������������������� 52 Table 4.3: International Benchmarking of Green Trips 2001 ���������������� 53 Table 4.4: Green Transport in Chinese Cities 2006 ������������������� 54 Table 4.5: International Benchmarking of Public Transport Mode Share 2001 ��������� 55 Table 4.6: SSTEC Daily Trips by Purpose ����������������������� 55 Table 4.7: SSTEC Trip Data by Mode Share ���������������������� 55 Table 5.1: Forecasted Balance of Water Demand and Supply for SSTEC in 2020 ������� 65 Table 5.2: Quality of Treated Wastewater Effluent from Hangu WWTP ����������� 66 Table 5.3: Water Sector: Key Performance Indicators ������������������ 67 Table 6.1: Solid Waste Sector: Key Performance Indicators ���������������� 79 Table 6.2: Net Waste Generation Rates ������������������������ 80 Table 6.3: Forecast Net Generation Rates in SSTEC 2010-2020 �������������� 80 Table 6.4: Estimated Gross Waste Discards in SSTEC, 2010-2020 ������������� 82 Table 6.5: Waste Composition, China and Tianjin �������������������� 83 Table 6.6: Forecast Truck Fleet for SSTEC Based on Gross Waste Generation, 2010-2020 ���� 84 Table 6.7: Recycling: Five Countries with Highest Rates ���������������� 86 Table 6.8: Gross Waste Quantity Forecasted to be Recycled and Source Segregated and Waste in SSTEC Without the Proposed Waste Reduction Measures, 2010-2020 ���������� 87 Table 6.9: Gross Waste Quantity Forecast to be Recycled and Source Segregate and Waste in SSTEC With the Proposed Waste Reduction Measures, 2010-2020 ������������ 87 Table 7.1: Illustrative List of Interventions ����������������������� 93 Table 7.2: Waste Management Opportunities for SSTEC ���������������� 96 Table 7.3: Transport Sector Opportunities for SSTEC ������������������ 97 Table 7.4: Energy Sector Opportunities for SSTEC ������������������� 98 Table 7.5: Preliminary Estimates of Quantity and Value of GHG Emission Reductions ����� 99 Table 8.1: TECID Investment Overview ����������������������� 106 Table 8.2: Indicative Economics of Sustainable Energy Options �������������� 110 Table 9.1: Summary Recommendations ������������������������ 116 Table A1.1: Quantiative Key Performance Indicators ������������������ 119 Table A1.2: Qualitative Key Performance Indicators ������������������� 124 Table A2.1: List of Selected Eco-City Initiatives in China ����������������� 132 Boxes Box 1.1: Examples of Local-Level Sector-Focused Initiatives ���������������� 7 Box 1.2: Caofeidian Eco-city, Tangshan ������������������������� 8 Box 1.3: Lessons from Eco-city Developments in China ������������������ 9 Box 1.4: Tianjin Municipality Ecological City Development ��������������� 10 Box 1.5: Key SSTEC Milestones to Date ����������������������� 10 Box 1.6: