HISTORY GCSE OCR 9-1 J411/14 Crime and Punishment, c.1250 to present with The Norman Conquest, 1065–1087 Spec B Revision guide 1 J411/14 Crime and Punishment, c.1250 to present with The Norman Conquest, 1065–1087 Sample Question Paper Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes Section A Crime and Punishment, c.1250 to present Answer questions 1 (a–c), 2 and 3. 1. (a) Name one type of official who was responsible for enforcing law and order in the Middle Ages. [1] (b) Name one type of crime that the authorities were particularly worried about in the period 1500– 1750. [1] (c) Give one example of a technological change which affected policing in the period after 1900. [1] Tip: Do this question quickly – it is only worth 3 marks 2. Write a clear and organised summary that analyses how law and order was enforced in the period 1500–1750. Support your summary with examples. [9] Tip: try to develop three separate points with examples. Explain why it was 3. What causedlike the it was. increase in crime in the first half of the nineteenth century? Explain your answer. [10] Tip: try to develop at least three points and explain how they answer the question. Answer either question 4 or question 5. 4.* How far do you agree that the most important changes in the punishment of offenders took place in the twentieth century? Give reasons for your answer. [18] 5.* ‘In the period between 1750 and 1900 there were big changes in policing’. How far do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer. [18] Tip: look at evidence that supports the statement AND evidence against. Try to develop three points for each side of the argument. Give clear reasoning for your judgement in your conclusion. 2 Tip: make your point Section B and use quotes from the extract that support your answer. The Norman Conquest, 1065–1087 Answer questions 6 (a–b) and 7. 6. (a) In Interpretation A the historian Robert Bartlett argues that the ‘Harrying of the North’ had a powerful impact on northern England. Identify and explain one way in which he does this. [3] Interpretation A – An extract from the script of The Normans, a BBC television series, 2010. In 1069, William marched on York and crushed the rebellion. The Normans devastated the North of England. They sacked every village and farmstead as they went. Then William divided his troops into smaller bands who destroyed any crops and livestock they could find … A huge area across northern and central England was laid waste by this ‘scorched earth’ on the northern rebels. Plotting the settlements destroyed by the Normans shows the scar that was carved across the country by William’s army. Sixteen years later, these areas were still desolate wasteland. (b) If you were asked to do further research on one aspect of Interpretation A, what would you choose to investigate? Explain how this would help us to analyse and understand the Harrying of the North. [5] Tip: develop your point by saying what evidence you would use and how this would help you answer the question. 7. Interpretations B and C are both illustrations of Norman motte–and–bailey castles. How far do they differ and what might explain any differences? [12] Tip: use details from each source to show differences. Think about the focus of the sources and their audience as reasons why they differ. Interpretation B – An illustration of the Norman castle at Pickering in Yorkshire by the reconstruction artist Simon Hayfield. The illustration is in the book Picturing the Past. The book was published in 1997 and was aimed at adults. 3 Interpretation C – An illustration of a typical Norman castle in Living in the Past: The Middle Ages a history textbook written for primary school children in 1983. Answer either question 8 or question 9. 8.* In an article for the BBC History Magazine in 2012, the historian Ryan Lavelle argued that late Anglo–Saxon England was “by no means a ‘golden age’’’. How far do you agree with this view? [20] 9.* According to a children’s history website, www.MedievalEurope.MrDonn.org, following his victory at Hastings, William ‘soon had conquered all of England’. How far do you agree with this view? [20] Tip: look at both sides of the argument. Try to develop at least three points for each side of the argument. Come to a reasoned judgement. 4 GENERAL POINTS: Crime is often categorised into: Crime against the person eg. murder, rape, assault. Crime against property eg. theft, vandalism. Crime against authority eg. riot, rebellion. Some crimes may be a combination of more than one of the above eg. mugging. The exact nature of crime has changed through time and reflects the attitudes and values of people in different periods of our past. Punishment can also be categorised: Capital punishment ie. the use of the death penalty. Corporal punishment ie. the use of physical pain. Humiliation eg. stocks. Loss of rights and money eg. prison, fines. The types of punishments used have changed through time. Some crimes attract harsh punishment because society or the government sees them as more serious or dangerous. What is considered serious/dangerous has changed through time. The reasons behind punishing people have also changed. Motives may include repaying your debt to society or even rehabilitation (ie. being re-educated in order to return to a useful role in society). Thus, punishment may well include other aims. KEY POINT: Crime involves breaking the law. In the past, laws were decided by rulers and powerful people only using Parliament. They were a way of controlling their territory and preventing unrest and rebellion. As the needs of rulers changed so have laws. Before the twentieth century the main way the ordinary people could change the law was to protest, riot or rebel. In the twentieth century all adults have been given the vote and what is considered a crime has changed. We are now concerned about what is good for society as a whole rather than using the law to protect the interests of a small number of very powerful people. 5 CORE 1: MEDIAEVAL PERIOD AD1250-1500 Key features of the Mediaeval Period There were two main trends: 1. The power and role of the king was increased. This can be shown by the new laws that were introduced: - Killing a Norman was made a crime. The Normans had conquered England by force and the English did not like them. - The Norman Forest Laws: William I declared that 30% of England would be protected by forest laws which meant it was illegal to kill wild animals in these areas. Forest officials were used to police these areas. Forest taxes were used by the King to get extra money. Punishments were harsh. The laws were an extension of the King’s power. He loved deer hunting and was using his position for his own interests. Many forests were in areas where rebellions had taken place. William wanted to show the English he was in charge. In general the Normans upheld existing Anglo-Saxon laws. 2. The importance of religion and the Church grew. The Church became more involved in moral crimes eg adultery, sex before marriage, failure to observe religious rituals. Church courts were used to deal with cases involving priests. CRIME AND CRIMINALS IN THE MEDIAEVAL PERIOD Most crime was petty (minor crime) and lots of crime went unrecorded. Yet, Mediaeval England was not lawless. It was difficult to get away with crime because everyone knew each other in each village. Stealing animals was a common crime and it was taken seriously. Moral crimes, those against the ideas of the Church, caused concern. These included sex outside marriage; adultery; not attending church. Some crimes reflected attitudes to women eg nagging your husband was a crime. Vagabondage (begging) was seen as a crime and caused concern especially during the Black Death. More serious crimes were those against the power of the monarch eg breaking the Forest Laws; rebellion and treason. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN MEDIAEVAL ENGLAND The system of law enforcement and courts was developed by Henry II, building on that established under the Anglo- Saxons and Normans. Why did Henry II make changes to the system of law enforcement? There was a civil war (“The Anarchy”) between King Stephen and the Empress Matilda which had reduced the influence of the king. Some nobles had become too powerful. When Henry II became king he wanted to restore the authority of the King. What changes did he make? He updated and drew together Anglo-Saxon, Norman and Royal laws into the Constitutions of Clarendon. This became the basis of common law. This was the first time England had a unified system of laws, the same throughout the country. 6 Henry II also changed the system of law enforcement: Greater use of juries to decide cases. Grand juries to report breaches of the law; petty juries to decide on innocent/guilty. This expanded a system already in place. Use of writs (royal instructions to sheriffs) The court of the King’s bench set up to deal with most serious cases. Use of eyres (circuits) whereby judges travelled around a part of the country to try cases. Use of county gaols to hold prisoners waiting to be tried. Henry attempted to reduce the power of the Church courts but failed. In fact the influence of the Church grew because it provided people who could read and write and therefore were needed in court cases.