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The Univer- sity operates through a worldwide network of research and training centres and programmes, and its planning and coordinating centre in Tokyo. Cross-border governance in Asia Trends and Innovations in Governance Series This book forms part of a series on trends and innovations in governance in Asia; the 2010 launch of which coincided with the fiftieth anniversary of the East-West Center. The Trends and Innovations in Governance series is the result of col- laboration between the East-West Center’s Asia-Pacific Governance and Democracy Initiative (AGDI) and the United Nations University Insti- tute for Sustainability and Peace. Contributors to the books include lead- ing scholars from around the world specializing in governance, political science and the Asia-Pacific region. Other titles in this series are: Engaging Civil Society: Emerging Trends in Democratic Governance, edited by G. Shabbir Cheema and Vesselin Popovski Building Trust in Government: Innovations in Governance Reform in Asia, edited by G. Shabbir Cheema and Vesselin Popovski Cross-border governance in Asia: Regional issues and mechanisms Edited by G. Shabbir Cheema, Christopher A. McNally and Vesselin Popovski © United Nations University, 2011 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not nec- essarily reflect the views of the United Nations University. United Nations University Press United Nations University, 53-70, Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan Tel: +81-3-5467-1212 Fax: +81-3-3406-7345 E-mail: [email protected] general enquiries: [email protected] http://www.unu.edu United Nations University Office at the United Nations, New York 2 United Nations Plaza, Room DC2-2062, New York, NY 10017, USA Tel: +1-212-963-6387 Fax: +1-212-371-9454 E-mail: [email protected] United Nations University Press is the publishing division of the United Nations University. Cover design by Andrew Corbett Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-92-808-1193-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cross-border governance in Asia : regional issues and mechanisms / edited by G. Shabbir Cheema, Christopher A. McNally, and Vesselin Popovski. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-9280811933 (pbk.) 1. Asian cooperation. 2. Regionalism—Asia. 3. Regionalism (International organization) 4. Asia—Politics and government—21st century. I. Cheema, G. Shabbir. II. McNally, Christopher A. III. Popovski, Vesselin. JZ5333.C76 2011 327.8—dc22 2010047990 Endorsements “Despite many predictions to the contrary, the countries of Asia are be- coming ever more cooperative as their interdependence increases. Con- tributors to this timely volume provide in-depth analyses of the formal and informal mechanisms of Asian governance that are now dealing with a diversity of cross-border problems—migration, infectious disease, water management, trade and human trafficking. The book will be a welcome and insightful read for anyone interested in how globalization is actually playing out across Asia.” T.J. Pempel, Professor in the Department of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley “I believe that this edited book is a timely contribution to the discussion on globalization within the Asia and Pacific Region. Its focus on the cross-border challenges of migration, disease, trade, water, and human trafficking provides a comprehensive argument for governments, civil so- cieties, and even the private sector to contribute solving a crop of new cross-border challenges. What makes this volume compelling is its link to the structures of governance through which these players can play a use- ful role.” James H. Spencer, Associate Professor, Urban Planning/Political Science, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, and Adjunct Fellow, Environment Pro- gram, East-West Center Contents Figures . viii Tables . x Boxes . xii Preface . xiii Contributors . xvi 1 Cross-border governance in Asia: An introduction. 1 G. Shabbir Cheema 2 Governance and institutional issues in migration in Asia. 24 Graeme Hugo 3 Cross-border health cooperation in complicated regions: The case of the Mekong Basin Disease Surveillance Network . 93 William J. Long 4 Cross-border water governance in Asia. 122 Mike Douglass 5 Trade promotion in Asia: Issues and emerging trends. 169 Taeho Bark CONTENTS vii 6 Human trafficking and human rights in Asia: Trends, issues and challenges. 219 Mely Caballero-Anthony 7 Synopsis: Cross-border governance and the challenges of globalization . 267 Christopher A. McNally Index . 297 Figures 1.1 Shifts in paradigms of governance. 5 1.2 Four governance lenses. 7 2.1 Top emigration countries of physicians, 2000. 41 3.1 Core strategies of the MBDS action plan 2008–2013. 106 3.2 The MBDS coordinating mechanism . 107 5.1 Trade share. 171 5.2 Intraregional trade: Percentage of intraregional export change accounted for by competition, demand change and diversification of products. 172 5.3 Share of 2001 intraregional trade accounted for by the top 5 and top 30 largest 4-digit SITC exports . 172 5.4 Share of 5-digit SITC parts and components in top 30 exports. 173 5.5 Trade openness and accessibility of Asian countries. 177 5.6 Trade facilitation: Export expansion to APEC countries from trade facilitation improvements. 178 5.7 Poverty: Headcount index by region and year. 181 5.8 Inequality: Theil coefficient for interpersonal income equality in emerging Asia. 182 5.9 Environmental sustainability index. 184 5.10 Labour standards. 185 5.11 Average estimated importation costs, 2009. 191 5.12 Average estimated exportation costs, 2009. 191 viii figures ix 5.13 Estimated importation times, 2009 . 192 5.14 Estimated exportation times, 2009. 192 6.1 Trafficking programming framework. 241 Tables 2.1 Immigration from Asia and Oceania to OECD countries, 2006 . 28 2.2 Stocks of Asian- and Pacific-born persons in OECD nations around 2000. 29 2.3 Foreign students by country of origin, 1998–2004. 33 2.4 Asian countries: Estimates of stocks of migrant workers in other countries. 36 2.5 Selected Asian outmigration countries: Proportion of international labour migrants who are women. 38 2.6 Asia: Numbers of refugees, 1995 and 2005. 39 2.7 National diasporas in relation to resident national populations . 43 2.8 Asian population aged 15–24, 1960–2000 and projected 2020 and 2040. 45 4.1 Dependence of major river basins on Himalaya-Tibet Plateau ice melt . 132 4.2 Major types of cross-border water governance initiatives . 145 4.3 Cross-border riparian agreements, Mekong River Basin. 148 4.4 Cross-border riparian agreements, Central Asia . 149 4A.1 Cross-border river basins of Asia. 158 5.1 Tariffs: Binding rates, MFN applied rates and binding coverage for Asian countries . 174 5.2 Regional trade arrangements: Net welfare effect on economic welfare of countries . 175 x tables xi 5.3 Labour mobility: Estimated stocks of migrant workers in Asian countries. 180 5.4 Asian countries: Signature, ratification, accession and completion of Kyoto Treaty obligations . 185 5.5 Summary of government policies towards labour migration 195 5A.1 Summary of Free Trade Agreements for selected Asian countries . 208 5A.2 Targets of anti-dumping investigations, 1 January 1995 to 30 June 2008 . 209 5A.3 Users of anti-dumping investigations, 1 January 1995 to 30 June 2008 . 210 5A.4 Countervailing initiations by exporting country, 1 January 1995 to 30 June 2008 . 211 5A.5 Safeguard initiations, 1 January 1995 to 30 June 2008. 212 5A.6 Projected percentage change in population aged 15–34 in APEC economies. 213 5A.7 The Fourth Comprehensive Measures for Climate Change (2008–2013). 215 6.1 Most common forms of human trafficking. 223 6.2 Estimate by various agencies of the number of trafficked victims . 225 6.3 Forms of human trafficking. 226 6.4 Total trafficking-related forced labour. 226 6.5 Annual profits from all forced labour. 227 6.6 Annual profits from all trafficked forced labour. 228 6.7 Profile of victims of trafficking. 228 6.8 Press freedom in Southeast Asia, 2007 . 247 6A.1 Selected list of CSOs and NGOs in the Asia-Pacific that have been actively involved in addressing human trafficking. 251 6A.2 Regional and international CSOs and NGOs working on human trafficking. 257 Boxes 4.1 Dams and biodiversity . 128 4.2 Benefits and impacts of dams. 129 4.3 The Regional Environmental Forum . 152 4.4 Integrated water resources management. 154 xii Preface Asia and the Pacific’s burgeoning population and economic growth present a unique backdrop for the challenges of the new globalized era. Interdependence in the region, born of rapid globalization, is manifest in increased flows between countries of goods, services, capital, ideas, infor- mation and people. As such, the traditional paradigm of “national” prob- lems and challenges that do not transcend political boundaries is outdated. Essential to this shift is the issue of externalities, where costs and benefits may be assumed by countries and people who in any given situation have little or no control over the decisions which resulted in them.