7UDQVLW&DSDFLW\DQG4XDOLW\RI6HUYLFH0DQXDO PART 2 BUS TRANSIT CAPACITY CONTENTS 1. BUS CAPACITY BASICS ....................................................................................... 2-1 Overview..................................................................................................................... 2-1 Definitions............................................................................................................... 2-1 Types of Bus Facilities and Service ............................................................................ 2-3 Factors Influencing Bus Capacity ............................................................................... 2-5 Vehicle Capacity..................................................................................................... 2-5 Person Capacity..................................................................................................... 2-13 Fundamental Capacity Calculations .......................................................................... 2-15 Vehicle Capacity................................................................................................... 2-15 Person Capacity..................................................................................................... 2-22 Planning Applications ............................................................................................... 2-23 2. OPERATING ISSUES............................................................................................ 2-25 Introduction............................................................................................................... 2-25 Bus Operations.......................................................................................................... 2-25 Passenger Loads.................................................................................................... 2-25 Skip-Stop Operation.............................................................................................. 2-26 Roadway Operations ................................................................................................. 2-28 Bus Preferential Treatments at Intersections......................................................... 2-28 Bus Preferential Treatments on Roadway Segments............................................. 2-33 Person Delay Considerations ................................................................................ 2-37 Roadway Operations Summary............................................................................. 2-37 3. BUSWAYS AND FREEWAY HOV LANES........................................................ 2-39 Introduction............................................................................................................... 2-39 Calculating Vehicle Capacity.................................................................................... 2-40 Freeway HOV Lanes............................................................................................. 2-40 Busways ................................................................................................................ 2-40 Calculating Person Capacity ..................................................................................... 2-41 Calculating Speed...................................................................................................... 2-42 4. EXCLUSIVE ARTERIAL STREET BUS LANES .............................................. 2-45 Introduction............................................................................................................... 2-45 Bus Lane Types......................................................................................................... 2-45 Calculating Vehicle Capacity.................................................................................... 2-47 Effects of Right Turns........................................................................................... 2-47 Skip-Stop Adjustment Factor ................................................................................ 2-48 Vehicle Capacity................................................................................................... 2-50 Bus Effects on Passenger Vehicle Capacity in an Adjacent Lane ......................... 2-52 Calculating Person Capacity ..................................................................................... 2-53 Calculating Speed...................................................................................................... 2-53 Base Bus Speeds ................................................................................................... 2-54 Right Turn Delays................................................................................................. 2-54 Skip-Stop Operations ............................................................................................ 2-54 Bus-Bus Interference............................................................................................. 2-57 Part 2/BUS TRANSIT CAPACITY Page 2-i Contents 7UDQVLW&DSDFLW\DQG4XDOLW\RI6HUYLFH0DQXDO 5. MIXED TRAFFIC .................................................................................................. 2-59 Introduction...............................................................................................................2-59 Bus Lane Types.........................................................................................................2-59 Calculating Vehicle Capacity....................................................................................2-60 Calculating Person Capacity......................................................................................2-61 Calculating Speed......................................................................................................2-62 6. DEMAND-RESPONSIVE...................................................................................... 2-65 Introduction...............................................................................................................2-65 Vehicle Types........................................................................................................2-65 Operating Scenarios ..............................................................................................2-66 Deviated Fixed-Route Transit ...............................................................................2-66 Calculating Vehicle Capacity....................................................................................2-67 7. REFERENCES........................................................................................................ 2-69 8. EXAMPLE PROBLEMS ....................................................................................... 2-71 APPENDIX A. DWELL TIME DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE................ 2-89 Introduction...............................................................................................................2-89 Passenger Service Times...........................................................................................2-89 Dwell Times ..............................................................................................................2-90 APPENDIX B. EXHIBITS IN U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS.................................... 2-93 LIST OF EXHIBITS Exhibit 2-1 Examples of Freeway Vehicle and Person Capacity ....................................2-2 Exhibit 2-2 Busway Examples ........................................................................................2-3 Exhibit 2-3 Exclusive Arterial Street Bus Lane Example (Portland, OR).......................2-3 Exhibit 2-4 Mixed Traffic Example (Portland, OR)........................................................2-4 Exhibit 2-5 Typical Demand-Response Vehicle .............................................................2-4 Exhibit 2-6 Relationship Between Person and Vehicle Capacity....................................2-5 Exhibit 2-7 Bus Vehicle Capacity Factors ......................................................................2-6 Exhibit 2-8 On-Line and Off-Line Loading Areas ..........................................................2-7 Exhibit 2-9 On-Street Bus Stop Locations ....................................................................2-10 Exhibit 2-10 On-Street Bus Stop Location Comparison ...............................................2-11 Exhibit 2-11 Person Capacity Factors ...........................................................................2-13 Exhibit 2-12 Person Capacity Calculation Process .......................................................2-14 Exhibit 2-13 Typical Bus Passenger Boarding and Alighting Service Times for Selected Bus Types and Door Configurations (Seconds per Passenger) .............................2-16 Exhibit 2-14 Average Bus Re-Entry Delay into Adjacent Traffic Stream (Random Vehicle Arrivals) ................................................................................................................2-18 Exhibit 2-15 Values of Percent Failure Associated With Za..........................................2-19 Exhibit 2-16 Estimated Maximum Capacity of Loading Areas (Buses/h).....................2-20 Exhibit 2-17 Efficiency of Multiple Linear Loading Areas at Bus Stops......................2-20 Exhibit 2-18 Estimated Maximum Capacity of On-Line Linear Bus (bus/h) ................2-21 Exhibit 2-19 Bus Stop Maximum Vehicle Capacity Related to Dwell Times and Number of Loading Areas...................................................................................................2-21