THE MODEL BANJAR PROJECT Health, Education and Economic '3onditions in Eastern Bali, 1979 THE MODEL BANJAR PROJECT Health, Education and Economic Conditions in Eastern Bali, 1979 by Mark Poffenberger for Foster Parents Plan International, Inc. PREFACE The Model Banjar Project represents an effort by Foster Parents Plan Tnternational, Inc. to improve and evaluate its child, family, and community development planning and pro­ gramming. The project is to be conducted over a five-year period in eastern Bali, Indonesia. This report documents the first phase of the Model Banjar Project. During this period a wide range of survey and in-depth interview data was collected to assess the physical quality of life in selected villages which had requested Plan assistance. The physical quality of life was measured in terms of a variety of public health, education, and economic variables rele­ vant in the context of life in rural Bali. Additional information was collected for use in local community needs analysis and program planning. The purpose of this report is to present the findings and recommendations resulting from this initial stage of the Model Banjar Project. With the publication of this report, for perhaps the first time, a wide range of socio-economic conditions have been statistically documented in a variety of communities on the island of Bali. This information should be useful to Plan, the Indonesian government, and other independent community development organizations not only in assessing rural living conditions, but also as a basis for understand­ ing socio-economic change over the coming decades. Due to the large scale of the survey (1216 families ii with over 100 variables), and the need for a prompt report­ ing of the results, not all of the findings of the study could be presented here. Community physical quality of life indices were analyzed with bivariate (using socio­ economic type of community as the independent variable) and index construction techniques. Time did not allow for more complex modes of analysis of the statistical data. Valuable insights arose from the in--depth interviews conducted during Phase I, and these were used as a partial basis for the programmixig suggestions presented in Chapter III, but again time constraints did not permit the inclusion of all of this data in the present report. Thus, this document is in essence a referc.nce text concerning health, education, and economic conditions in eastern Bali in 1979 and a manual for community development programming. Phase I of the Model Banjar Project was conducted by Mark Poffenberger and Ida Bagus Purnama Wijana, both of whom worked together as research associates. While Mark Poffenberger was responsible for the analysis of the survey data and the author of this report, Mr. Wijana participated fully in every other phase of the research project. His knowledge of rural Bali, organizational ability, and end­ less energy were crucial to the success of this study. Further, his capacity to analyze and interpret both survey and in-depth'information was essential to this presentation. At the same time, the specific conclusions presented here are the sole responsibility of the author and do not iii necessarily represent the opinions of Mr. Wijana or any other of the staff of Foster Parents Plan Tnternational, Inc. The idea of a Model Banjar Project was created by Lloyd J. Feinberg while director of the Plan Bali program from 1977 to 1979. Without his dedication to the project, both in ac­ quiring official support from the Government of Indonesia and in seeking funding, it is certain that the project could never have begun operations. We are very grateful to Plan's Antho., English for his encouragement and advice. Thanks are also due to Bernard Salvo and Luuis Kunn of the Office of Volun­ tary and Humanitarian Programs at the United States Agency for International Development in Jakarta for their assistance and interest in the project and in helping to secure P1T Grant No. 78-9 from USAID Jakarta to assist in funding Phase T of the Model Banjar Project. To all the staff of Plan Bali for their help and assistance, and particularly to Mr. Sujana who handled our accounting, and to Mrs. Martina and Mrs. Maukar we give our thanks. Mr. Walejono, head of the Directorate of Child and Family Welfare in the Department of Social Affairs in Jakarta, as well as Mr. Putra, chief of the Department of Social Affairs for the province of Bali, and Mr. Rai, head of the Karangasem Department of Social Affairs, -ere supportive of the project from the start and deserve many thanks for their assistance. We also wish to thank the staff of the Governor's Office, and particularly Mrs. Tista, for their support and interest in this project. iv On the other side of the world the staff of Foster Parents Plan International, Inc. and particularly George W. Ross, International Executive Director, Glenn E. Rogers, International Director of Field Services, and John G. Anderson, International Assistant Director of Field Services deserve a hearty thanks for supporting and having faith in the Bali staff and the research consultant while performing this long-term research and development effort. Thanks are also due to the Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies of the University of California at Berkeley for providing the author with access to institutional facilities. The Center for Survey Research at the University of California at Berkeley, and particularly Frank Many and Wayne St. John, contributed immensely to the rapid and careful analysis of the survey results. Returning to the villages of eastern Bali, we wish to thank the twenty-one teachers and village leaders who acted as our interviewers and who became our close friends. The assistance of David Stuart-Fox and Made Kuduk in introduc­ ing us to the village of Budakeling and providing advice and counsel, was greatly appreciated. Finally, to the people of Karangasem regency, who have graciously allowed the interviewers into their homes and answered questions for thousands of hours, we offer our sincerest gratitude. Both the coordinators of the study and the interviewers were constantly impressed by the endless hospitality which even those who had least would never fail to extend. These v people and their villages we will never forget, and it is to them that we dedicate this study. We only hope we can begin to repay them for their kindness with better, more effective programs. To avoid confusion over the proper names of the many communities studied, in this report all banjar names have been replaced with roman lettezs. It should be noted that at the time interviews were taking place LJ'e Rupi 1 h (Rp.) was valued at 625 to the U.S. dollar, while the least expensive rice was selling in eastern Bali markets for Rp. 140 per kilogram (see Appendix I). vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE . .. .. LIST OF TABLES . ... .. .. .. .. viii LIST OF CHARTS . ... ..... xi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .... xii CHAPTER Part I. THE MODEL BANJAR PROJECT . .. 1 1. Introduction.. 1 2. The Area and Method of Study o . 9 II. THE RESEARCH FINDINGS ... ......... 29 1. Background ... ............... 29 2. Health and Nutrition ........... 39 3. Education ...... ................. 66 4. Housing ....... .................. 74 5. Fertility, Infant Mortality, and Contraceptive rse ...... .......... 77 6. Family Economy: Assets .. ......... 85 7. Family Economy: Income ... ......... 98 8. Family Economy: Expenditures ....... 117 9. Community apd Family Needs as Perceived by Family Members ..... ........... 123 10. Banjar Profiles ...... ........... 131 III. PROGRAM RECOMMENDATIONS .. .......... 143 1. Intrcduction ..... .............. 143 2. Agriculture in Irrigated (Sawah) Areas . 152 3. Agriculture in Dryland (Tegal) Areas . 158 4. Animal Husbandry .... ............. 164 5. Fishing ....... ................. 171 6 Small Industry ..... .............. 176 7. Skilled Trades .... ............ 184 8. Public Health ....... .............. 139 9. Education ...... ................. 196 10. Summary ....... ................. 201 APPENDIX I: CONSUMER PRICE LIST FOR SOUTHERN AND EASTERN EALI - 1979 o......... 215 APPENDIX II: MODEL BANJAR PROJECT RESEARCH SITES: KARANGASEM ..... ................. 218 vii APPENDIX III: MODEL BANJAR PROJECT FIRST AND SECOND QUARTER REPORTS OCTOBER 22 - APRIL 21, 1979 ...... ............... 220 APPENDIX IV: PHYSICAL QUALITY OF LIFE CENSUS: FAMILY HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND ECONOMY QUESTIONNAIRE ... ............ 234 APPENDIX V: CENSUS FOLLOW-UP QUESTIONNAIRE . 249 APPENDIX VI: VILLAGE LEADER INTERVIEW FORM . .. 257 LIST OF TABLES Table 2:1 Evidence of Illness in School Children (7-13 Years Old) by Type of Symptom and School . 41 2:2 Parents' Perception of Illness in Preschool Children by Type of Symptom and Banjar . 43 2:3 Proportion of School Children (7-13 Years Old) Inoculated Against Smallpox and TBC by School . 45 2:4 Parents' Recollection of inoculations Administered to Their Preschocl Children by Banjar (with Perceived Vaccination Index). 47 2:5 Source of Family's Drinking Water by Banjar . 48 2:6 Method Family Uses to Prepare Drinking Water by Banjar ...... .................. 50 2:7 Distance from House to Source of Family's Drinking Water During the Dry Season by Banjar .............. .......... 51 2:8 Place of Defecation for Family by Banjar . 53 2:9 Type of Staple Food Family Consumed Last Week by Banjar ...... .................. 55 2:10 Proportion of Non-Rice Staple Consumed by Family per Part of Rice by Banjar ...... 57 2:11 Daily Food Consumption of Family by Type of Food, Daily Frequency, and Banjar (with Nutrition Index) .... .............. 58 2:12 Daily Expenditures for Food and Fuel for Five Sample Families by Type, Cost, and Quantity Consumed ...... .................. 60 2:13 Comparison of Mean Height and Weight for Primary School Children in Eastern Bali Against the Indonesian Standards by Sex . 63 2:14 Extent of Protein Calorie Malnutrition as Determined by Comparison of Mean Upper Arm Circumference of Primary School Children in Eastern Bali Against the International Stanuards by Age ... ............. .. 64 ix Table 2:15 Proportion of Primary and Secondary School Age Children Currently Attending School by Banjar .