Landmarks Preservation Commission June 28, 1981 Designation List 166 LP-1300 ABOLLO THEATER (originally Hurtig & Seamon's New (Burlesque) Theater), first floor interior consisting of main lobby, the auditorium including the staircases leading to the first balcony level boxes, and the orchestra pit; the first balcony floor interior consisting of the upper part of the auditorium and the boxes; the second balcony floor interior consisting of the upper part of the auditorium and ceiling, and the boxes; and the fixtures and interior components of these spaces, including but not limited to, wall and ceiling su~faces, doors, murals, panels and railing~ 253West 125th Street, Borough of Manhattan. Built 1913-14; architect George Keister. Landmark Site: Borough of Manhattan Tax Map Block 1931, Lot 10. On April 13, 1982, the Landmarks Preservation Commission held a public hearing on the proposed designation as an Interior Landmark of the Apollo Theater and the proposed designation of the related Landmark Site (Item No. 27). The hearing was continued to June 8, 1982 (Item No. 9). Both hearings had been duly advertised in accordance with the provisions of law. Six witnesses spoke in favor of designation. There was one speaker in opposition to designation. A petition was submitted bearing 1185 signa­ tures in favor of designation. Eleven letterswere received in support of designation. DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS The Apollo Theater, built in 1913-14 as Hurtig & Seamon's New (Burlesque) Theater and designed by architect George Keister, spanned the two eras of Harlem's entertain­ ment history. Its construction reflected the popularity of vaudeville and burlesque in the Harlem of the 1910s. With the growth of Harlem's ~lack population, the Apollo Theater, from the 1930s through the 1970s, became one of the nation's leading centers for the display of major black American performing talent. The interior with its classically-inspired ornament retains much of its original character, providing associations with its history as a theater. Harlem During much of the nineteenth century, Harlem was a fashionable suburb for wealthy and upper-middle class white Manhattan residents. }~de easily accessible after the construction of the Harlem Railroad in 1837, Harlem was annexed to the city in 1873 and experienced its initial major construction boom in the 1880s with the opening of the elevated railway system. Many residen:c~ s and apartment buildings, constructed for the middle- and upper-middle classes, also housed Harlem's substantial foreign immi­ grant population. A second wave of construction, following the completion of the subway routes at the turn of the century, was accompanied by the speculative over­ building of rowhouses and apartment buildings, and resulted in a real estate bust in 1904. This real estate climate, combined with a number of other factors, helped to make Harlem attractive for the settlement of black residents. -2- In that period the major center of black New York was the section of the West Side (the streets in the Hest 20s-60s), comprising the area west of Herald and Times Squares known as Hell's Kitchen, the Tenderloin, and "San Juan Hill." Parts of this area were experiencing redevelopment for such projects as Pennsylvania Station, and thus residents were being displaced. A number of black realtors, including Philip A. Payton, began to promote the rental of Harlem apartments to blacks, as well as assuming the manage­ ment of certain buildings. This represented an unprecedented opportunity for blacks to rent attractive housing in New York. By 1910 a significant migration of New York City blacks to Harlem had begun, particularly to the area betweeen 135th and 145th Streets. This migration increased during the 1920s as blacks moved to Harlem from the American South and West Indies, so that the population between 130th and 145th Streets became almost exclusively black. Harlem became, during these years of the "Harlem Renaissance," the urban cultural capital of black America. The "center" of Harlem was then considered to be around 135th Street, between Lenox and Seventh Avenues. By the 1930s, as the black population moved southward, 125th Street, al­ ready a major shopping and entertainment thoroughfare, took on added signi­ ficance as the "Main Street" of black Harlem. Entertainment in Harlem 1877-1910s Harlem was a major center for entertainment in New York from the end of the nineteenth century through the first three quarters of the twentieth century. The short-lived Pendy's Gayety Theater (2315 Third Avenue) offered drama and variety as early as 1877-79,1 In 1885 the "Theatre Comique'~ opened in a former skating rink on East 125th Street (between Lexington and Third Avenues), later operating from 1890 to 1893 as the Harlem Theatre.2 Harlem's first major theater was the Harlem Opera House (1889, J.B. McElfatrick & Sons, 207 West 125th Street, demolished), built by Oscar Hammerstein I, an inventor, cigar manufacturer, and speculator in Harlem property (and later Times Square theater impressario). Built to serve Harlem's wealthy elite, the Opera House presented opera, drama, and concerts. Hammerstein also built the Columbus Theater (1890, J.B. McElfatrick & Sons, 112-118 East 125th Street) f or similar classical entertainment. Both theaters, two of New York's largest at the time, were financial failures. After Hammerstein lost title, the Harlem Opera House became a popular vaudeville theater, and the Columbus went on to success with minstrel, vaudeville, and variety shows. Harlems population was by then composed of large numbers of foreign immigrants, including Russian J ews, Germans, Italians, and Irish. These theaters were originally operated for whi te patrons, as were other houses constructed for vaudeville , including the Alhambra Theater (1905, J.B. McElfatrick & Sons, 2114 Seventh Avenue), the Laf ayette Theater (1912, V. Hugo Koehler, 2223-37 Seventh Avenue), and Loew's Victoria Theater (1917; Thomas Lamb, 235 West 125th Street). Theaters also featuring legitimate, burlesque, variety, and motion picture entertainment proliferated in Harlem, particularly along 125th Stree t and Seventh Avenue. The Regent Theater (1913, Thomas Lamb, 1906-16 Seventh Avenue) is widely considered the first deluxe theater in the United Sta t es built for the purpose of s hO.wing motion pictures. -3- Hurtig & Seamon's New (Burlesque) Theater (Apollo Theater) was built in this era. Harlem Magazine carried the following announcement in February 1913: Ground has recently been broken for the new $600,000 theatre to be erected by Hurtig and Seaman,/;ic7 about midway in the block between Seventh and Eighth Avenues on the north side of 125th Street. The theatre when completed will add in no small degree to the appearance and prosperity of this locality.3 Completed in March 1914, according to a neo-classical design by architect George Keister, the theater was built and owned by the Charles J. Stumpf & Henry Langhoff Company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on land owned by Lit Brothers of Philadelphia. 4 Jules Hurtig & Harry Seamon, the lessees,had been operators since 1897 of Hurtig & Seamon's Music Hall, a vaudeville theater in the former Harlem Music Hall (opened 1894, adjoining the Harlem Op era House), on the same block to the east.5 Hurtig & Seamon started Harlem on its way as a major burlesque center when they converted the theater to burlesque about 1911.6 Their new theater was opened as a burlesque house for white patrons, as one of the nine New York City !:heaters of the "Columbia Wheel," a New York-based burlesque circuit operated by the Columbia Amusement Com­ pany. Loosely organized by 1905, the "Eastern" or Columbia Wheel became formally established by 1910, and had a virtual burlesque monopoly with the takeover in 1913 of the "Western"or Empire circuit. The years 1913-1920 were extremely profitable ones for the Columbia circuit, which billed its burlesque as "clean." Jules Hurtig was one of the directors of the Columbia Amusement Company, and Hurtig & Seamon owned six Columbia franchises.? The Architect Surprizingly little is known about the life and ~a reer of George Keister, the architect of Hurtig & Seamon's New Theater, although he was a major early twentieth­ century New York City theater architect. It is known that Keister's architectural practice was active from the mid-1880s to the early 1930s. Keister's earliest known commissions were a number of neo-Grec and neo-Renaissance style tenement buildings in the Greenwich Village Historic District, designed between 1885 and 1892, and an eclec­ tic group of rowhouses now known as the "Bertine Block" (1891, the 400 block of East 136th Street, Bronx). Keister formed a brief partnership with Frank E. Wallis in 1887-88. The eccentric Romanesque Revival style First Baptist Church (1892, Broadway and West 79th Street) and the eclectic the Gerard(l893-94, 123 West 44th Street), a designated New York City Landmark, are two other commissions of this period. Keister was secretary of the Architectural League in the 1890s. He executed a design com­ bining elements of the Colonial and Renaissance Revival styles in 1902-03 for a residence which was later purchased by Andrew Carnegie's daughter. Known as the McAlpin~Miller House (9 East 90th Street), it is now part of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, a designated New York City Landmark. Keister apparently turned his energies mostly to theater design. Besides the Hurtig & Seamon's (Apollo)Theater, the theaters known to have been designed by him, mainly in classically-inspired