June 2011 Volume 7, Number 3 ISSN 1811-5209 Global Water Sustainability JANET G. HERING, CHEN ZHU, and ERIC H. OELKERS , Guest Editors Is There a Crisis? Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries Hydrogeochemical Processes Groundwater: A Resource in Decline Water Management in Production of Shale Gas Conservation, Effi ciency, and Reuse Elements is published jointly by the Mineralogical Volume 7, Number 3 • June 2011 ABOUT THE COVER: Society of America, the Mineralogical Society People gathering water from of Great Britain and Ireland, the Mineralogical a huge well in the village of Association of Canada, the Geochemical Society, The Clay Minerals Society, the European Natwargadh in the western Association of Geochemistry, the Inter national Global Water Sustainability Indian state of Gujarat on Association of GeoChemistry, the Société Guest Editors: Janet G. Hering, Chen Zhu, and Eric H. Oelkers June 1, 2003. Groundwater Française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, levels in this area are currently the Association of Applied Geochemists, dropping 3 m per year, on the Deutsche Mineralogische Gesellschaft, Water: Is There a Global Crisis? average, and salt water is the Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia, 157 Eric H. Oelkers, Janet G. Hering, infi ltrating local aquifers, the International Association of Geoanalysts, and Chen Zhu primarily due to overwithdrawal the Polskie Towarzystwo Mineralogiczne to support local agricultural (Mineralogical Society of Poland), the Sociedad activities. ORIGINAL PHOTO: Española de Mineralogía, the Swiss Society of AMIT DAVE, REUTERS Mineralogy and Petrology, and the Meteoritical Society. It is provided as a benefi t to members of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries: these societies. 163 Geochemical Aspects of Quality and Treatment Elements is published six times a year. Individuals Richard B. Johnston, Michael Berg, C. Annette Johnson, are encouraged to join any one of the partici- Elizabeth Tilley, and Janet G. Hering pating societies to receive Elements. Institutional subscribers to any of the following journals Hydrogeochemical Processes and Controls —American Mineralogist, Clay Minerals, Clays and 169 Clay Minerals, Mineralogical Magazine, and The on Water Quality and Water Management Canadian Miner alogist—also receive one copy Chen Zhu and Franklin W. Schwartz of Elements as part of their 2011 subscription. Institu tional subscriptions are available for US$160 (US$175 non-US addresses) a year in Groundwater: A Resource in Decline 2011. Contact the managing editor (tremblpi@ 175 Franklin W. Schwartz and Motomu Ibaraki ete.inrs.ca) for information. Copyright 2011 by the Mineralogical Society of America All rights reserved. Reproduction in any form, Water Management Challenges Associated with including translation to other languages, or by 181 the Production of Shale Gas by Hydraulic Fracturing any means—graphic, electronic or mechanical, Kelvin B. Gregory, Radisav D. Vidic, and David A. Dzombak including photocopying or information storage and retrieval systems—without written permission from the copyright holder is strictly prohibited. Water Conservation, Effi ciency, and Reuse Publications mail agreement no. 40037944 187 Henry Vaux Jr. Printed in USA ISSN 1811-5209 (print) ISSN 1811-5217 (online) www.elementsmagazine.org DEPARTMENTS Editorial – Water Resources—Science and Values . 147 From the Editors – New Features . .148 Triple Point – Whose Paper Is It Anyway? . 149 People in the News – Banfi eld, Navrotsky, Harrison, Jackson . 150 CosmoElements – Extraterrestrial Water . 152 Meet the Authors . 154 Society News International Association of GeoChemistry . 192 Geochemical Society . 193 Mineralogical Association of Canada . 194 Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland . .196 The Clay Minerals Society . 198 Association of Applied Geochemists . .199 Mineralogical Society of America . 200 Meteoritical Society . .202 Mineralogical Society of Poland . .203 European Association of Geochemistry . .204 Société Française de Minéralogie et Pétrologie . .204 Sociedad Española di Mineralogía . .205 International Association of Geoanalysts . .205 Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia . .206 A Life in Science . 207 Mineral Matters – Challenges in the Mineral Sciences . 209 Book Reviews – Geochemistry of European Bottled Water, Nanoscopic Approaches in Earth and Planetary Sciences . 211 Calendar . 213 Parting Shots – Stamp Collecting . 215 Advertisers in This Issue . 216 145 PARTICIPATING SOCIETIES The Mineralogical The Clay Minerals Society The Association of The Polskie Society of America is 3635 Concorde Pkwy Ste 500 Applied Geochemists is Towarzystwo Mineral- composed of indivi duals Chantilly, VA 20151-1110, USA an international organiza- ogiczne (Mineralogical interested in mineralogy, Tel.: 703-652-9960; fax: 703-652-9951 tion founded in 1970 that Society of Poland), founded crystallography, petrology, [email protected] specializes in the fi eld of in 1969, draws together and geochemistry. Founded www.clays.org applied geochemistry. It professionals and amateurs in 1919, the Society promotes, aims to advance the science interested in mineralogy, through education and research, the under- The Geochemical Society of geochem istry as it relates to exploration crystal lography, petrology, geochemistry, standing and application of mineralogy by (GS) is an international and the environment, further the common and economic geology. The Society promotes industry, universities, government, and the organization founded in interests of exploration geochemists, facili- links between mineralogical science and public. Membership benefi ts include special 1955 for students and tate the acquisition and distribution of education and technology through annual subscription rates for American Mineralogist scientists involved in the scientifi c knowledge, promote the exchange conferences, fi eld trips, invited lectures, and as well as other journals, a 25% discount on practice, study and teaching of information, and encourage research and publish ing. Membership benefi ts include Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry of geochemistry. Our development. AAG membership includes subscriptions to Mineralogia and Elements. series and Mono graphs, Elements, reduced programs include co-hosting the annual the AAG journal, Geochemistry: Exploration, Goldschmidt ConferenceTM, editorial over- SOCIETY NEWS EDITOR: Zbigniew Sawłowicz registration fees for MSA meetings and short Environment, Analysis; the AAG newsletter, ([email protected]) courses, and participation in a society that sight of Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta EXPLORE; and Elements. supports the many facets of mineralogy. (GCA), supporting geochemical symposia Mineralogical Society of Poland SOCIETY NEWS EDITOR: Patrice de Caritat through our Meeting Assistance Program, Al. Mickiewicza 30, SOCIETY NEWS EDITOR: Andrea Koziol ([email protected]) and supporting student development 30-059 Kraków, Poland ([email protected]) through our Student Travel Grant Program. Association of Applied Geochemists Tel./fax: +48 12 6334330 Mineralogical Society of America GS annually recognizes excellence in P.O. Box 26099 [email protected] 3635 Concorde Pkwy Ste 500 geochemistry through its medals, lectures Nepean, ON K2H 9R0, Canada www.ptmin.agh.edu.pl Chantilly, VA 20151-1110, USA and awards. Members receive a subscription Tel.: 613-828-0199; fax: 613-828-9288 Tel.: 703-652-9950; fax: 703-652-9951 to Elements, special member rates for GCA offi [email protected] The Sociedad Española [email protected] and G-cubed, and publication and confer- www.appliedgeochemists.org de Mineralogía (Spanish www.minsocam.org ence discounts. Mineralogical Society) was The Deutsche founded in 1975 to promote SOCIETY NEWS EDITOR: Seth Davis The Mineralogical ([email protected]) Mineralogische research in mineralogy, Society of Great Britain Gesellschaft (German petrology, and geochem- and Ireland is an inter- Geochemical Society Mineralogical Society) istry. The Society organizes national society for all Washington University was founded in 1908 to annual conferences and furthers the training those working in the Earth & Planetary Sciences “promote miner alogy and of young researchers via seminars and mineral sciences. The One Brookings Drive, Campus Box #1169 all its subdisciplines in special publications. The SEM Bulletin Society aims to advance the St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA teaching and research as well as the personal published scientifi c papers from 1978 to knowledge of the science of miner alogy and Tel.: 314-935-4131; fax: 314-935-4121 relationships among all members.” Its great 2003, the year the Society joined the Euro- its application to other subjects, including gsoffi [email protected] tradition is refl ected in the list of honorary pean Journal of Mineralogy and launched crystallography, geochemistry, petrology, Explore GS online at www.geochemsoc.org fellows, who include M. v. Laue, G. v. Macla, a new journal containing scientifi c environmental science and economic Tschermak, P. Eskola, C.W. Correns, P. news, abstracts, and reviews. Membership geology. The Society furthers its aims The European Association Ramdohr, and H. Strunz. Today, the Society benefi ts include receiving the European through scientifi c meetings and the publica- of Geochemistry was especially tries to support young researchers, Journal of Mineralogy, Macla, and Elements. tion of scientifi c journals, books and mono- founded in 1985 to