IVC Chemistry 100 Laboratory Manual Name__________________________________ - 1 - Table of Contents Lab 1: DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................. 4 Data for Lab 1: Dimensional Analysis...................................................................................................... 9 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION ........................................................................................................ 9 MULTIPLICATION & DIVISION OF SIGNIFICANT DIGITS .................................................................. 9 CALCULATORS AND SIGNIFICANT DIGIETS ................................................................................... 10 MATH CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY .......................................................................................................... 14 SIGNIFICANT DIGITS ...................................................................................................................... 14 ROUNDING OFF NONSIGNIECANT DIGITS .................................................................................... 14 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION .................................................................................................................. 14 TEMPERATURE .............................................................................................................................. 15 METRIC - METRIC CONVERSIONS .................................................................................................. 16 METRIC - ENGLISH CONVERSIONS ................................................................................................ 16 GENERAL EXERCISES...................................................................................................................... 16 Lab 2: Atomic Structure ............................................................................................................................ 17 Discussion.......................................................................................................................................... 17 Experimental Procedures .................................................................................................................. 18 Data for Lab 2: Atomic Structure .......................................................................................................... 19 Lab 3: Periodic Properties ......................................................................................................................... 25 Data for Lab 3: Electronic Configurations and Periodic Trends ............................................................ 29 Lab 4 Nomenclature .................................................................................................................................. 33 Group 1 Ionic Compounds .................................................................................................................... 33 Class 1. Fixed Oxidation State (O.S.) ................................................................................................. 33 Class 2. Fixed Oxidation States ......................................................................................................... 34 Group 2: Covalent ................................................................................................................................. 36 Class 3. Covalent Non-acid ................................................................................................................ 36 Class 4. Binary Acids .......................................................................................................................... 36 Oxyoacids .......................................................................................................................................... 36 Data for Lab 4: Nomenclature .............................................................................................................. 39 Lab 5 Lewis Dot ......................................................................................................................................... 41 VSEPR: Valence shell electron-pair repulsion theory ....................................................................... 45 Data for Lab 5: Lewis Structure ............................................................................................................. 49 Lab 6 Heat Capacity of Metals .................................................................................................................. 51 Heat and Enthalpy ............................................................................................................................. 52 Experimental Procedure ................................................................................................................... 53 Calculations ....................................................................................................................................... 53 Data for Lab 6: Heat Capacity ............................................................................................................... 55 Lab 7: Chemical EQUATION: WRITING BALANCED EQUATIONS ............................................................... 57 INSTRUCTIONS: ................................................................................................................................. 57 Lab Procedure ....................................................................................................................................... 58 Data for Lab 7: Writing Chemical Equations ......................................................................................... 59 Part 2. Rewrite the following word equations into balanced chemical equations. ..................... 61 PART 4: .......................................................................................................................................... 61 Lab 8 Formula of a Hydrate....................................................................................................................... 63 Data for Lab 8: Formula of a Hydrate ................................................................................................... 65 - 2 - Lab 9 Equilibrium ...................................................................................................................................... 69 Data Sheet for Lab 9 Equilbrium ........................................................................................................... 73 Lab 10 Standard Molar Volume of a Gas .................................................................................................. 75 Procedure .............................................................................................................................................. 76 Data for Lab 10: Electronic Configurations and Periodic Trends .......................................................... 77 Lab 11 Net Ionic Equations (NIE) .............................................................................................................. 79 Data Sheet Lab 11 NIE ........................................................................................................................... 83 Lab 12 Titration ......................................................................................................................................... 87 Titration General Information ...................................................................................................... 88 Data Sheet Lab 12 Titration .................................................................................................................. 91 30 points Extra Credit: Nomenclature (due when your instructor tells you :-) ........................................ 93 - 3 - Lab 1: DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS Rules for Addition: An answer obtained by adding or subtracting has the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest decimal places (look to the right of the decimal). 25.2 one decimal place + 1.34 two decimal places 26.54 calculated answer Final Answer 26.5 answer with one decimal place Another problem: 14400000 235.05 Your final answer goes to the furthes right a + 72000000 +19.6 86000000 as your least significant number + 2. 256.65 rounds to 257 86000000 Rules for Multiplication: An answer obtained by multiplying or dividing has the same number of significant figures as the measurement with the fewest significant figures (look for the fewest significant figures). Use rounding to limit the number of digits in the answer. 110.5 x 0.048 = 5.304 (calculator) 4 SF 2 SF The final answer is rounded off to give 2 significant figures = 5.3 (2 SF). Another problem: 40.311 ÷ 0.007 = 60 Mixed Mutliplication and Addition: Do each operation seperately. Dimensional analysis This is a very important lab. You will use what you learn in this lab EVERYDAY during lecture and lab. Dimensional analysis is a problem-solving technique. What will you learn: A Mathematical Technique, to solve EVERY problem we encounter. numerator numerator Every Problem You Solve Will Look Like: ... denomeator denomeator 4 The Math Principle is a Beginning Algebra concept of cross cancellation: A B C A B C 1 You are expected to solve ALL of your problems using this method, hence the reason for spending 2 days on this lab. What Problems Can You Solve Using This Method? You'll learn to solve many types of problems. For example how many mL’s are in 2.83qts, or how many inches are in 259 cm? You'll