Progress in Perennial Rice Breeding and Genetics Fengyi Hu Food Crops Research Institute,YAAS 22 Sept. WaggaWagga, Australia • Soil erosion in uplands of Introduction southeast Asia has been a serious problem that led to the project of developing perennial upland rice at IRRI (IRRI 1989) The idea of developing perennial rice for erosion control Development of perennial upland rice has been proposed by several authors (IRRI 1989; Wagoner, 1990; Xiu, 1995; Schmit, 1996; Tao et al., 2000, 2001; Sacks, 2001;) The donor(s) for prerenniality? Cultivars of rice is usual annual food crop after long time domestication by farmer and breeding procedure by breeder or geneticist. The donor(s) for prerenniality? All over the world growth of O. sativa is Annual The donor(s) for prerenniality? • O. longistaminata is the logical donor for perenniality from its feature of rhizome as compared to other wild rice species (O. officinalis, O. rhizomatious, O. australiensis) Oryza species, the species complexes, chromosome number, genome group and distribution Oryza Species, the Species Complex, Chrom.,Genome group and Distribution Section Chromosome Genome Distribution Complex Number group Species Oryza O.sativa complex O.sativa L. 24 AA Worldwide O.nivara Sharma et Shastry 24 AA Tropical and Sub.Asia O.rufipogon Griff 24 AA Tropical and Sub.Asia O.meridionalis Ng 24 AmAm Tropical Australia O.glumaepatula Steud. 24 AglAgl South America O.glaberrima Steud. 24 AgAg Africa(mainly West) O.barthii A.Chev. 24 AgAg Africa O.longistaminata Chev.et Roehr 24 AlAl Africa O.officinalis complex O.officinalis Wall ex Watt 24 CC Tropical and Sub.Asia O.minuta Presl.et Presl. 48 BBCC Philippines O.eichingeri Peter 24 CC Sri Lanka,Africa O.rhizomatis Vaughan 24 CC Sri Lanka O.punctata Kotschy ex Steud. 24,48 BB,BBCC Africa O.latifolia Desv. 48 CCDD Latin America O.alta Swallen 48 CCDD Latin America O.grandiglumis (Doell) Prod. 48 CCDD South America O.australiensis Domin 24 EE Australia Ridleyanae Tateoka O.brachyantha Chev.et Roehr. 24 FF Africa O.schlechteri Pilger 48 HHKK Papua New Guinea O.ridleyi complex O.ridleyi Hook.f. 48 HHJJ SE Asia O.longiglumis Jansen 48 HHJJ Irian Jaya,Indonesia Granulata O.meyeriana Roschev. complex O.meyeriana Baill 24 GG SE Asia O.granulata Nees et Arn.ex Watt 24 GG S.and SE Asia The Diagram of Evolution of Wild Species among AA Genome of Rice Gondawanaland Common ancestor South and Southeast Asia Tropical Africa O. rufipogon O .longistaminata O. nivar O. barthii Indica ---- Japonica O. glaberrima Parallel evolution Comparing the O. longistaminata and O. rufipogon O. longistaminata (AA genome) O. rufipogon (AA genome) Photo was cited from Vaughan (1994) Photo was cited from Vaughan (1994) Tufted and scrambling herb, stolon O. longistaminata C A • Long anther • Self- incompatibility • Allogamy • Rhizomatous B D stem • Bacterial Blight resistance(Xa21) • Nematode The Oryza longistaminata. A: The panicle of the O. resistance longistaminata; B: The performance of O. longistaminata in field; C, D: the strong Rhizome • ……. of O. longistaminata. Additional useful features from O. longistaminata • A saturated molecular linkage map was constructed (Causse, 1994, Wilson, 1999). • Xa21, resistance to Bacterial Blight has been cloned with map-based (Khush, 1990; Song, 1995). • Resistance to tungro viruses has been verified (Angeles E.R. 1998). • Resistance to root knot nematode M. graminicala was reported (Imelda R. Soriaano, 1999). • A saturated molecular linkage map based on PCR markers (Hu, 2003) • …… Goal • Exploit the possibility of using perenniality from O. longistaminata for development of cultivars of perennial upland rice (PUR) or perennial rice (PR) Oryza longistaminata Photo was cited from Vaughan (1994) The Strategy for Perennial Rice Breeding x RD23 O. longistaminata F1 Progeny derived from F 1 hope to by Self-intercross, back cross, transgenic and MAS with diversity germplasm of rice F1 plant of RD23_Longi F1 Rhizome F1 plant in greenhouse Problems for the PR Breeding and genetics 1, Less F1 progeny from O. longistaminata up to now, there are ~6 cases reported for obtaining the F1 progeny since it is difficult to obtain the F1 plant in the procedure of interspecific hybrid between O. sativa and O. longistaminata. among these cases, although F1 plant can get, most of these absence Rhizome. Including CIRAD’s (Ghesquiere, 1991), IRRI’s(Bara, 2000) and Japanese (Maekawa, 1997), and others not so clear. Problems for the PR Breeding and genetics 2, Lethal gene The Rhizome present is Linkage to lethal gene with D1 and D2; (Chu and Oka 1970; Ghesquiere, 1991) results to obtain the progeny lack with Rhizome, means the Rhizome is usual lost in the progeny lines during the selection for breeding purpose. Problems for the PR Breeding and genetics 3, The reproductive barriers (Hybrid Sterility, S gene) This is a popular phenomenon between the cultivar and its wild species, even between two sub-species, Indica and Japonica of O. sativa. It is also a main factor for obtaining the progeny that combine the favorable traits/gene from receiptor and donors. For example, the yield components. Problems for the PR Breeding and genetics 4, Photoperiod sensitivity From Vegetative growth to productive growth, the day-light is important for the short day- light plant, including rice as it derived from tropical zone. The progeny with strong ability of vegetative growth of O. longistaminata is main factor to lack selection for PR. Problems for the PR Breeding and genetics 5, Seed Dormancy Problems for the PR Breeding and genetics 6, Shatter grains Problems for the PR Breeding and genetics 7, awn How to overcome these problems? All of these problems are the negative effect for PR improvement. One of is utilization the traditional methods, such as Self-intercross, Backcross, then select the useful progeny. Other one is understanding the genetic mechanism of these factor, specially for Rhizome, then using the MAS, Transgenic Strategy for cultivars of PR improvement. Progress in PR There are two stages for our results: Phase I is from 1997-2004; Phase II is from 2005-now. Progress in Phase I During First stages(1997-2005), there are 6 results has been obtained. 1, Obtaining the F1 plant derived RD23/O. longistaminata. (here, RD23 is an Indica type cultivar of rice) 2, From F2 and the molecular mapping shown that the Two Dominant Complementary Genes (Rhz2 and Rhz3) for Rhizome Expression in O. Longistaminata and mapped on chr3 and chr4, respectively. 3, Rhz2 and Rhz3 have been registered on the International Rice Genetic Committee. 4, The plant of BC2F1 with Rhizome has been obtained. 5, The Rhizome related traits has been QTLs analysis. 6, The first PCR-based molecular genetic map has been constructed. Progress in Phase I F1 plant The F1 plant of the RD23/O. longistaminata cross was obtained by direct hybridization followed by embryo rescue and had 32.5% pollen fertility, indehiscent anthers, rhizomes that were intermediate in size, and abundance between the parents. Rhizome This is a important material for development Cultivar of PR or PUR. F 1 Progress in Phase I Segregation of rhizome trait in the F2 population based on field experiment Rhizome presence absence Numbers 121 106 2 X (9:7) 0.8011 Result : Two Dominant Complementary, Rhz2, Rhz3, Genes for Rhizome Expression in O. Longistaminata Progress in Phase I PCR-base Molecular Genetic Map 0.0 RM428 0.0 RM485 0.0 RM60 0.0 RM551 0.0 RM159 0.0 RM133 13.1 RM323 9.2 OSR17 6.4 RM122 6.2 RM435 10.6 RM518 OSR35 19.0 RM283 15.1 OSR14 15.2 RM231 11.1 13.7 RM170 RM261 21.6 RM2530(6) 25.5 RM279 19.9 RM5883(10) 20.6 27.3 RM13 26.8 RM587 26.6 OSR2 31.8 RM423 32.4 RM185 RM272 34.9 RM405 RM510 32.3 36.8 RM555 44.0 OSR13 43.9 RM142 37.6 45.7 RM292 52.1 Rhz2 48.4 RM119 RM174 Rhz3 52.4 RM249 56.8 53.4 OSR16 50.6 55.6 RM204 60.0 OSR9 57.8 RM273 58.0 RM509 57.8 RM36 67.3 RM6420 66.5 RM158 62.9 RM322 65.7 RM252 66.5 RM251 74.9 RM314 70.5 RM71 75.1 RM282 78.3 RM317 RM253 87.8 RM306 79.9 RM164 77.6 83.4 RM300 84.0 RM4551 83.0 RM402 97.5 RM237 89.5 RM338 93.9 RM291 RM276 109.5 RM297 96.9 RM341 86.6 104.3 RM349 101.7 RM163 114.7 RM302 98.3 RM136 106.1 OSR15 107.3 RM161 105.4 RM5818 118.1 RM212 112.7 RM327 116.2 RM156 107.2 RM348 117.0 RM421 118.3 RM319 116.4 RM127 122.4 RM265 123.5 RM280 128.5 RM6309 128.5 RM315 133.6 RM4626 132.7 RM528 138.1 RM263 142.7 RM6097 138.9 RM274 143.4 RM4509 145.9 OSR23 145.8 OSR31 148.6 RM2421 151.0 RM87 154.9 RM529 157.5 RM240 157.3 RM55 157.4 RM176 165.0 RM1(1) 163.6 RM334 162.7 RM345 167.9 RM2525 167.6 RM31 RM166 174.5 OSR21 177.7 180.9 RM4612 190.1 RM213 202.7 RM208 203.1 RM114 206.4 RM207 214.6 OSR26 224.2 RM442 www.gramene.org Progress in Phase I Chromosome 3 Chromosome 4 Mapping for Rhz2 0.0 RM60 0.0 RM551 and Rhz3 15.2 RM231 19.9 RM5883(10) 10.6 RM518 44.0 OSR13 52.1 Rhz2 20.6 RM261 The molecular 53.4 OSR16 57.8 RM36 32.4 RM185 66.5 RM251 mapping of Rhizome 75.1 RM282 84.0 RM4551 43.9 RM142 89.5 RM338 48.4 RM119 gene Rhz2 and Rhz3 was 50.6 Rhz3 57.8 RM273 116.2 RM156 mapped to the interval 65.7 RM252 133.6 RM4626 between markers OSR16 142.7 RM6097 145.8 OSR31 78.3 RM317 157.3 RM55 (1.3 cM) and OSR13 (8.1 165.0 RM1(1) 167.9 RM2525 cM) on rice chromosome 180.9 RM4612 104.3 RM349 106.1 OSR15 4 and Rhz2 located 203.1 RM114 107.2 RM348 between RM119 (2.2 cM) 116.4 RM127 224.2 RM442 123.5 RM280 and RM273 (7.4 cM) on chromosome 3.