District Survey Report - 2018 4 DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND GEOLOGY Government of Andhra Pradesh DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - KRISHNA DISTRICT Prepared by ANDHRA PRADESH SPACE APPLICATIONS CENTRE (APSAC) ITE & C Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh 2018 i District Survey Report - 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS APSAC wishes to place on record its sincere thanks to Sri. B.Sreedhar IAS, Secretary to Government (Mines) and the Director, Department of Mines and Geology, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh for entrusting the work for preparation of District Survey Reports of Andhra Pradesh. The team gratefully acknowledge the help of the Commissioner, Horticulture Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh and the Director, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh for providing valuable statistical data and literature. The project team is also thankful to all the Joint Directors, Deputy Directors, Assistant Directors and the staff of Mines and Geology Department for their overall support and guidance during the execution of this work. Also sincere thanks are due to the scientific staff of APSAC who has generated all the thematic maps. VICE CHAIRMAN APSAC ii District Survey Report - 2018 Contents Page Acknowledgements List of Figures List of Tables 1 Salient Features of Krishna District 1 1.1 Administrative Setup 1 1.2 Drainage 2 1.2a Kolleru Lake- A eco-sensitive zone 4 1.3 Climate and Rainfall 4 1.4 Transport and Communications 9 1.5 Population and Literacy 10 1.6 Important Places 11 1.6a Places of Tourist Interest 11 1.6b Places of Religious and Cultural Importance 12 1.7 Places of Economic and Commercial Importance 15 2 Land Utilization, Forest and Slope of Krishna District 17 2.1 Land Use / Land Cover Classification 17 2.2 Slope Map of the District 32 2.3 Forest Cover Distribution 35 3 Agricultural Resources in the District 37 3.1 Crop Acreage Estimation 37 3.2 Kharif Rice Estimation 38 3.3 Soil Resources of Krishna District 40 3.4 Salt Affected Soil & Water logging Map of Krishna District 41 3.5 Horticulture 42 4 Coastal Resources And Aqua Culture Of Krishna District 52 4.1 Shoreline Status Of Krishna District 52 4.2 Aquaculture in Krishna District 54 5 Water and Irrigation Resources of Krishna District 57 iii District Survey Report - 2018 5.1 Surface Water Resources of Krishna District 57 5.1.1 Major and Medium Irrigation Projects in Krishna District 57 5.1.2 Major Irrigation Project 57 5.1.3 Medium Irrigation Project 58 5.1.4 Tank Information System 59 5.2 Ground Water Prospects of Krishna District 60 5.2.1 Geology of Krishna District 60 5.2.2 Mineral Resources of Krishna District 65 5.2.3 Geomorphology of the District 74 5.2.4 Landforms of fluvial origin 75 5.2.5 Landforms of coastal origin 77 5.2.6 Landforms of Structural Origin 80 5.2.7 Landforms of Denudational Origin 81 5.2.8 Structural Features of Krishna District 8 3 5.2.9 Ground Water Prospects in the District 85 5.2.10 Ground Water Quality of the District 88 6 Details of Major and Minor Minerals Their Production and Revenue in the 90 District 6.1 Administrative Set-Up of DMG in Krishna District 90 6.2 Office of the Asst. Director of Mines and Geology, Vijayawada jurisdiction 90 6.3 Office of the Asst. Director of Mines & Geology, Nandigama jurisdiction 90 6.4 Overall view of Mining Activity in the District 91 6.5 Availability of Sand, Gravel and Aggregate Resources 91 Reference 135 iv District Survey Report - 2018 List of Figures Fig.1 Administrative Boundaries of Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 2 Fig.2 Drainage Network and Surface Water bodies of the District 3 Fig.3 Distribution of automatic weather stations (AWS) in Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 5 Fig.4 Distribution of Rainfall in Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 6 Fig.5 Transport Network of Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 9 Fig.6 Mandal wise Distribution of Schedule Caste Population and Types of Hostels and Residential Schools in Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 11 Fig.7 Some Important Tourist Places in Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 15 Fig.8 Land Use / Land Cover Map of Krishna District During 2015-16 18 Fig.9 General Slope of Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 34 Fig.10 Forest cover map of Krishna District during 2015-16 36 Fig.11 (a) Ground truth data overlaid on multi-temporal RGB image, (b) Rice cropped area (c) Transplantation date-wise rice cropped area over Krishna District 38 Fig.12 . Distribution of Cotton in Krishna District Kharif- 2017 39 Fig.13 Rabi rice Acreage Estimation in Krishna District (1,64,758 ha) Year-2016-17 40 Fig.14 Soil Resources Map of Krishna District 41 Fig.15 Salt Affected Soil & Water logging Map of Krishna District 42 Fig.16 Shoreline Change Erosin/ Accretion of Krishna District 53 Fig.17 Area of Aquaculture Distribution in Krishna District 54 Fig.18 Major and Medium Irrigation Projects of Krishna District 58 Fig.19 Geology of Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 63 Fig.20 Detailed Legend with Stratigraphic Sequence of Krishna District 64 Fig.21 Geomorphology of Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 75 v District Survey Report - 2018 Fig. 22. Structural Map of Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 84 Fig:23 Ground Water prospects in Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 85 Fig.24 Distribution of Piezometer Observation wells in Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 88 Fig.25 Ground Water Quality Map of Krishna District 89 List of Tables Table No Description Page 1 Mandal-wise Average Annual Rainfall (mm) 7 2 Category-wise Distributions of Land use/Land Cover During 2015-16 19 3 Forest Cover Distribution of Krishna District 35 4 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Fresh Fruits with Production (MT) in Krishna District (2017- 43 18) 5 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Vegetables with Production (MT) in Krishna District (2017- 45 18) 6 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Plantation with Production (MT) in Krishna District (2017-18) 47 7 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Spices with Production (MT) in Krishna District (2017-18 48 8 A Aerial Extent (Ha) of Flowers with Production (MT) in Krishna District (2017-18) 49 9 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants with Production (MT) in Krishna 50 District (2017-18) 10 Shoreline Characteristics and statistics for Krishna Coast 52 11 Mandal-wise Aquaculture in Krishna District (Area in Hectares) 55 12 Drainage System with Description of main river 60 13 Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams 60 14 Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited 71 vi District Survey Report - 2018 15 Estimation of Road Metal and Gravel Mineral Reserves in the Krishna District 93 16 94 Statement Showing the List of Leases for Major and Minor Minerals and Details of Lease wise Production and Revenue Collections During the Last Three Years Pertaining to O/o ADM&G, Vijayawada 17 107 Statement Showing the Number of Sand Reaches and Details of Dispatches During the Last Three Years Pertaining to O/o ADM&G, Vijayawada 18 108 List of Quarry Leases in Force in the O/o Asst. Director of Mines and Geology, Vijayawada Jurisdiction 19 118 Statement Showing the List of Leases for Major and Minor Minerals and Details of Lease wise Production and Revenue Collections During the Last Three Years Pertaining to O/o ADM&G, Nandigama 20 128 Statement Showing the Number of Sand Reaches and Details of dispatches During the Last Three Years Pertaining to O/o ADM&G, Nandigama 21 129 List of Quarry Leases in force in the O/o Asst. Director of Mines and Geology, Nandigama Jurisdiction vii District Survey Report - 2018 1. Salient Features of Krishna District Krishna District with its District headquarters at Machilipatnam is a coastal District of Andhra Pradesh. It was formerly called as Machilipatnam District. Later it was renamed as Krishna District after the holy river Krishna, by adding certain Taluks of the abolished Guntur District in 1859. Again in 1925, Krishna District was further divided into Krishna and West Godavari Districts. It lies between 15º 43’ 02’’ and 17º 08’ 17’’ of the North latitude and 80º 07’ 24’’ and 81º 34’ 51’’ of East longitude which extends over an area of 8727 Sq. Kms. with a coastline of 88 Kms. It was surrounded on the east by Bay of Bengal and West Godavari District, on south by Bay of Bengal on west by Guntur and Nalgonda Districts and on north by Khammam District. 1.1 Administrative Setup The District is divided into 50 Mandals (Fig.1) covering 4 Revenue Divisions viz., 1. Bandar 2. Vijayawada 3. Gudivada 4. Nuzvid. The District is naturally divided into delta and upland zones. All the mandals existing in Bandar, Gudivada divisions and part of Vijayawada division (Penamaluru, Kankipadu, Thotlavalluru part of Vijayawada Rural) comprise delta and Unguturu, Vuyyuru, Pamidimukkala and part of Gannavaram and Bapulapadu mandals of Nuzvid Division and all the mandals existing in Nuzvid division and the remaining mandals of Vijayawada Division constitute upland (DES, 2015). The upland consists of an undulating broken terrain by low ranges of Eastern Ghats. The main sources of Irrigation in upland are tanks. It is being benefited by the water of Nargarjuna Sagar also. The delta land is being irrigated by canals of river Krishna. There are five municipalities viz., 1. Machilipatnam 2. Pedana 3. Gudivada 4.Nuzvid and 5. Jaggaiahpeta and one Municipal Corporation in Vijayawada. viii District Survey Report - 2018 Fig.1 Administrative Boundaries of Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 1.2 Drainage The famous river Krishna is flowing in this District (Fig.2). It is perennial in nature and flows along the western boundary of the District.