S SUMMER SCHOOLS EXPERT COMMENTARIES S GUEST LECTURES CENARIOS T S S TABLE NTERNATIONAL RELATIONS C I S NALYSIS AND FORECASTING FOREIGN POLICY ISCUSSIONS A T D C REFERENCE BOOKS DIALOGUE ETWORK SCIENCE WORKING PAPERS DUCATION N PROJE OUND E REPORTS NALYSIS AND FORECASTING URITY R A S ATION C C PROJE E ORGANIZATION OMPETITIONS C NTERNATIONAL ACTIVITY CONFERENCES DU I E S S S FOREIGN POLICY TALENT POOL CS S EDUCATION POOL POLITI EPORTS OUND TABLES ION R R ENARIO GLOBAL POLITICS ETWORK C NTERNATIONAL I N IVIL OCIETY INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS S C S LOBAL RELATION G TALENT SS EFERENCE BOOKS NTERNATIONAL Y R I RUSSIANY RUSSIAN Y S C S ORGANIZATIONS DUCATION C E E INTERNATIONAL U SECURITY C RELATION SUMMER C AFFAIRS COUNCIL POLI SCHOOLS IALOGUE IETY D TING ONAL OUND I R GUEST LECTURES C SC O S TABLES I TY IGRATION EPORTS I R S A V ARTNERSHIP OREIGN P I NTERNATIONAL IBRARY OADMAPS XPERT R F E I S ONFEREN IPLOMA D M C L URITY GLOBAL NTERNAT MIGRATION COMMENTARIES IVIL C I ACT S ILATERAL NTHOLOGIE C POOL D SCIENCE C REPORTS I BOOK E ISCUSSIONS INTERNSHIPS B A D IPLOMA E WEBSITE PARTNERSHIP INTERNSHIPS S S Y C TALENT C DIALOGUE GLOBAL NTHOLOGIESGLOBAL Y A C S D POLI FORE SCIENCE CONFERENCES POLI Y S C ITE EFEREN S S NALYSISSCIENCE IGRATION A IBRARY OADMAP EB ENARIO OREIGN R IPLOMA C F R L M OREIGN D S W NALY AND FORECASTING F S DIALOGUE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS A AND S NETWORK INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS E CLUB MEETINGS DIALOGUE DIPLOMACY PROJECTS HOOL S S C IALOGUE S T D C URITY UMMER ITE E S HIP C S OMMENTARIE TURE IVIL OCIETY C S C S EBSITE E C W C WORKING PAPER HIP EB S PROJE IGRATION LE S SC S EXPERT COMMENTARIES OREIGN POLICY F IEN T W M RELATION S XPERT IPLOMACY E D UE S EDUCATION NESS G ARTNER ETWORK SC NTERN S ANALYSIS AND I E I N P IBRARY FORECASTING C URITY L ONFEREN CIVIL SOCIETY C E S IEN THE IMAGE OF RUSSIA IN JAPAN S C NTHOLOGIES S S A GLOBAL POLITICS C RUSSIA AND THE WEST: THE NEW NORMAL S ILATERAL CLUB MEETINGS S COMPETITIONS HIP B US AND THE IMAGE OF JAPAN INHIP RUSSIA S ROUND TABLES S EPORT S ROADMAPS WORKING PAPERS E IGRATION PAPER RUSSIAN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS COUNCIL (RIAC) ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING E C R B CENARIOS 1, B. Yakimanka street, 119180, Moscow, Russia ARTNERSHIP S C P LOBAL S REFERENCE BOOKS S Tel.: +7 (495) 225 6283 OMPETITION IBRARY ORKING L IEN ARTNER M NTERN S S G Fax: +7 (495) 225 6284 C I W IBRARY S XPERT COMMENTARIES P OMMENTARIE E L ION SC E–mail: [email protected] C 32 33/ 2016 / 2017 www.russiancouncil.ru SS INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION S S U S ORGANIZATION REFERENCE BOOKS EDUCATION IETY SC C ISCUSSIONS I LOBAL D OADMAP SUMMER SCHOOLS XPERT OMPETITION UEST LECTURES IVIL O G ILATERAL HOOL NTERNATIONAL RELATIONS I E S C R C D G MEETING E ANTHOLOGIES B RELATION WORKING PAPERS C NTHOLOGIE UMMER ONFEREN LOBAL POLITICS IEN G LUB C NTERNATIONAL S SC C S I A FOREIGN POLICY TALENT POOL REFERENCE BOOKS C Cover_WP-32.indd 1 12.12.2016 18:01:14 RUSSIAN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS COUNCIL MOSCOW 2017 Russian International Affairs Council Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief: I.S. Ivanov, RAS Corresponding Member, Dr. of History Author: S.V. Chugrov, Dr. of Social Sciences Copy editor: I.N. Timofeev, Ph.D. in Political Science; T.A. Makhmutov, Ph.D. in Political Science; L.V. Filippova; D.O. Kholopova; K.A. Kuzmina Chugrov, S.V. The Image of Russia in Japan and the Image of Japan in Russia: Working Paper 33/2017 / [S.V. Chu- grov]; [I.S. Ivanov, Editor-in-Chief]; Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC). – Moscow: NPMP RIAC, 2017. – 60 pages. Names of authors and editors are listed on reverse of title page. ISBN 978-5-9500378-7-0 The Working Paper was prepared by the Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC) as part of the project “Russia and the Asia-Pacific Region: Conceptual Basis for Security and Development Policy.” It deals with Russia’s and Japan’s mutual perceptions, analyses the dynamics of the evolution of these perceptions in the context of Tokyo’s territorial claims, and sets the goal of improving Russia’s positive image in Japan and reducing the influence of negative images on Russian national interests. The author would like to thank A.N. Panov, Head of the Department of Diplomacy at MGIMO University of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation and Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation to Japan (1996–2003) for his advice, as well as the Japan Foundation employees, notably Mr. Masanori Takaguchi, for giving access to the materials used to prepare this working paper. Russian International Affairs Council thanks Jessica Chin and James Rawlings for their help in preparing this publication. The views and opinions of the author expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of RIAC. Any linguistic inadequacies in the publication are the sole responsibility of the translation editors. The full text of the working paper is available on RIAC’s website. You can download it or leave a comment via this direct link – russiancouncil.ru/en/paper33 Cover photo credits: Flickr/Amir Jina (СС license 4.0). © S.V. Chugrov, 2017 © Drafting, translation and design. NPMP RIAC, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 4 1. Perceptions of Japan in Russia: Key Components 7 The World through the Eyes of Russian People 7 Analysis of the Image of Japan in Russia 10 Historical Memory as a Catalyst of Distrust towards Japan 12 2. Perceptions of Russia in Japan: Key Components 19 The World through the Eyes of Japanese People 19 Analysis of the Image of Russia in Japan 22 Historical Memory as a Catalyst of Distrust towards Russia 25 3. “Soft Power” in Russia–Japan Cooperation in the Humanitarian Sphere 27 Cooperation in the Media 27 Cooperation in Education, Science, and Culture 29 Conclusions and Recommendations 34 Appendixes 37 About the Author 59 S.V. CHUGROV THE IMAGE OF RUSSIA IN JAPAN AND THE IMAGE OF JAPAN IN RUSSIA Introduction In 2018, Japan celebrates the 150th anniversary of Meiji Restoration, which in 1868 kicked off the epoch of modernization of the country. Both Japan and Russia belonged to the second echelon of countries that turned to fundamental reforms almost simultaneously. Russia chose this path seven years earlier than Japan, with the abolition of serfdom in 1861. Since then both countries were involved in military clashes in 1904-1905, 1938-1939, 1945. On October 19, 2016, we celebrated a significant event, namely, the 60th anniver- sary of the signing of the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956.1 The most important thing about the document was that it officially put an end to the war between the two countries on the Pacific Front. For more than 60 years since, Russia and Japan went through a labyrinth of contacts and negotiations that were marked by an endless seesawing of hopes and disappointments. However, the positive influence that the Declaration has had on the nature of foreign policy decisions with regard to relations between the people of Russia and Japan, and their perception of one another and the surrounding reality, can be felt to this day. In order to reinforce this constructive trend, Russia and Japan have agreed to hold a year of cultural exchanges between the two countries in 2018. Of course, there is no single structured view of the outside world in the national consciousness of a given country; there is, however, a dynamic interaction of images and associations, as well as clusters and layers of stereotypes and atti- tudes, which are all intricately combined in human consciousness. At various periods of the bilateral relations between Russia and Japan, both coun- tries have been forced on numerous occasions to clarify the specific features of their own identities. And it has always happened when their traditional regu- latory systems have been under increased pressure from “foreign” value sys- tems, prompting both the Russian and Japanese peoples to differentiate between “Us” and “Them.” Yet, the basic precepts, which have deep sociocultural roots, collectively form an idealized persona, and have remained intact in the mass consciousness of both nations. Such a person, be it Russian or Japanese, has autonomy of thought, extraordinary adaptive capabilities with regard to cultural interventions and twists of fate, while at the same time preserving the predomi- nantly “non-economic” nature of social interaction. Studying the depths of the collective consciousness and the self-awareness of the members of both Russian and Japanese societies, the perceptions that they have of each other and their specific worldviews, which are based on long-standing and stable understand- ings of their own identities in relation to the outside world, helps to answer the questions: Where do we go from here? How can we build relations? The balance between the rational and the emotional in political decision-making, between the thirst for innovation and the desire to preserve the cultural and political poten- 1 Joint Declaration by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Japan. October 19, 1956 // Bulletin of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. 1956. No. 24. Cit. ex. The History of Russia–Japan Relations / Ed. by S.V. Grishachev. Moscow: Aspect Press, 2015, p. 326 (in Russian). 4 Working Paper 33 / 2017 INTRODUCTION tial of the past that is characteristic of each country, manifests itself in the dif- ferent ways in which Russia and Japan position themselves in relation to sur- rounding countries, within their respective regions, in the world as a whole and, accordingly, in terms of the evolution of diplomatic practices.