ANALYSIS OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES AND HUMAN RESOURCES IN KAURA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA BY Sylvester Nkut, BONET P15SCG8539 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRATUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM) DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, FACULTY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA JUNE, 2017 i DECLARATION I declare that the work in this dissertation titled ANALYSIS OF HEALTHCARE FACILITIES AND HUMAN RESOURCESIN KAURA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA was conducted by me; it has not been presented in the department or anywhere for a degree. All quotations and source of information are duly acknowledged by means of references. ____________________________ ________________ BONET, Sylvester Nkut Date ii CERTIFICATION This dissertation titled ANALYSIS OF HEALTHCARE FACILITIES AND HUMAN RESOURCESIN KAURA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA by Bonet Sylvester Nkut meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Master‘s of Science (Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System) of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. ………………………………… ………………….. ………………….. Dr. B. Akpu Signature Date Chairman, Supervisory Committee ………………………………… ………………….. ………………….. Dr. B. Abdulkarim Signature Date Member, Supervisory Committee ................................................. ………………….. ............................. Dr. A. K. Usman Signature Date Head of Department ................................................. ………………….. ............................. Prof. S. Z. Abubakar Signature Date Dean, Postgraduate School iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated first of all to God Almighty, the creator of life, and to the entire mankind but most of all my beloved family. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My profound gratitude goes to God Almighty who in his infinite mercy saw me through the period of this programme. I would not have been what I am today without Him. I am grateful to my two kind gestured supervisors; Dr Benedine Akpu and Dr Binta Abdulkarim for their diligence and professionalism in discharging their duties and making this research work a success. They were there for me in difficult times in the course of this work. Only God can reward you accordingly. There is hardly any word that can be used to express my heartfelt appreciation and gratitude to my family, especially daddy and mummy, Mr. and Mrs. Jeremiah Bonat, for everything you have given me since the day I was born. You gave me all the best things this life can offer. I wish you all the best things in life. I will be forever grateful. Thank you, thank you and thank you. I am also indebted to Mr. and Mrs. Mathew Achi for their enormous contributions to the success of this progamme. I am indeed grateful to Solomon Patrick Nizah, who has been indispensable in this research. Your immense contribution is second to none. With people like you around I think the future can only get better. I will not forget the contributions of people like Wullga and Jenom Bulus towards the success of this work. I appreciate very warmly the moral and scholarly support of my Head of Department, Dr. A. K. Usman and the entire staff of the department of Geography, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. God bless you all. v ABSTRACT This study was aimed at analyzing health care facilities and human resources in Kaura Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria, using Geographic Information System. To achieve this, GPS was used to obtain the coordinates of the healthcare facilities; a check list was also used to obtain attribute data in each of the facility. Documentary data were obtained from textbooks, journals, the internet, theses, seminar papers, report and existing map of Kaura Local Government Area. According to the 2006 National population census, Kaura Local Government Area has population of 222,579 people. Mapping was done to show the distribution of facilities within the 10 political wards while a database was created and queried, simple percentage was used to analyze the data. The study shows that there is at least more than one facility in each of the ward with only 3 among the 10 wards having medical doctors. There is only 1 secondary healthcare facility in the area located in Kaura ward and is the only healthcare facility with 2 doctors. The research reveals that there is disparity in the spatial distribution of healthcare facilities while the population to facility ratio shows that population was not considered as a basis for the distribution of healthcare facilities in Kaura Local Government Area of Kaduna state, Nigeria, thus suggesting the possibility of overcrowding in some of the healthcare centres. The study recommended that both Kaduna State and Kaura Local Government should adopt population threshold as a yardstick for health care facility distribution as this is the only approach to ensure equity and social justice in distribution of health care and other basic facilities. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration.............................................................................................................................. ii Certification ............................................................................................................................iii Dedication ................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................................v Abstract ....................................................................................................................................vi Table of content ......................................................................................................................vii List of Figures ..........................................................................................................................xi List of Tables...........................................................................................................................xii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study ....................................................................................................1 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem ....................................................................................6 1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study ........................................................................................8 1.4 Scope of the Study...............................................................................................................9 1.5 Justification of the Study ....................................................................................................9 CHAPTER TWO: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................11 2.2 Conceptual Framework......................................................................................................11 2.2.1 Concept of Healthcare ....................................................................................................11 2.2.2 Concept of Accessibility.............................................................................................12 2.3 Theoretical Framework......................................................................................................16 vii 2.3.1 Classical Location Theory...............................................................................................16 2.3.2 Central Place Theory.......................................................................................................17 2.3.3 The Principle of Least Effort...........................................................................................17 2.4 Literature Review...............................................................................................................19 2.4.1 GIS Based Measures to Access to Healthcare Services..................................................19 2.4.2 Measuring Spatial Accessibility......................................................................................20 2.4.3 Challenges in Health Care Delivery in Developing Nations...........................................23 2.4.4 Geographical Information Systems Innovation for Health Care in Developing Countries..................................................................................................................................26 CHAPTER THREE: STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................28 3.2 Study Area..........................................................................................................................28 3.2.1 Location and Extent........................................................................................................28 3.2.2 Climate...........................................................................................................................30 3.2.3 Relief and Drainage.........................................................................................................30 3.2.4 Geology...........................................................................................................................30