Socio-economic Impact of National Highway on Rural Population ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT Socio-economic Impact of National Highway on Rural Population Study conducted by AITD for National Highways Authority of India ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT Socio-economic Impact of National Highway on Rural Population © Asian Institute of Transport Development, New Delhi First published 2003 Asian Institute of Transport Development Apt. E-5, Qutab Hotel Shaheed Jeet Singh Marg New Delhi-110 016 Phones: 91-11-26856117, 26856113 Fax: 91-11-26856113 Email: [email protected] Website: www.aitd.net Table of Contents Acknowledgements i Concepts and Definitions ii Abbreviations xxx Executive Summary xxxii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Methodology of Impact Evaluation 7 Chapter 2: Survey Structure and Methodology 32 Chapter 3: Socio-economic Profile of Rural Households 59 Chapter 4: Impact Evaluation at Village Level 75 Chapter 5: Impact Evaluation at Household Level 91 Chapter 6: Rural Accessibility and Mobility Patterns 126 Chapter 7: Findings and Task Ahead 144 References 146 Acknowledgements This study was carried out under the overall guidance of K. L. Thapar. The study team included Y. K. Alagh, Dalip S. Swamy, G. S. Bhalla, Ramprasad Sengupta, Dipankor Coondoo, TCA Srinivasa- Raghavan, George Mathew, S. Gupta, Bhisma Rout, Anjula Negi and S. N. Mathur. Other experts associated with the study were Alakh Narain Sharma, M. Neelakantan, TCA Anant, D. P. Gupta, Sat Parkash, Anindita Roy Saha and Anvita Anand. The field surveys were carried out with the help of Institute for Human Development, Delhi. The survey team, among others, included S. K. Khanna, S. Bahl, V. S. Ghai, Balwant Mehta, R. A. Singh and Ranjit Kumar. The PRA exercise was conducted by Centre for Management and Social Research, Hyderabad. The Institute held a wide range of consultations for this study. Helpful comments were provided by Hiten Bhaya, Vijay Kelkar, S. R. Hashim, G. K. Chadha, Sudipto Mundle, Pradipto Ghosh, Anil Bhandari, Zhi Liu, Andrew Chesher, Alok Bansal, Jyotsna Jalan, Sheila Bhalla, Amitabh Kundu, Dinesh Mohan, Geetam Tiwari, B. B. Bhattacharya and V. K. Sharma. A workshop was organised to firm up the broad approach of the study and a seminar was later arranged to discuss the findings of the study. The participants included representatives from Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Planning Commission, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi University, Indian Institute of Technology, Institute of Economic Growth, Central Road Research Institute, National Sample Survey Organisation, Indian Statistical Institute, School of Planning and Architecture, World Bank, Asian Development Bank and National Highways Authority of India. The report was edited by T. C. Kausar who also coordinated its designing and production. Secretarial assistance was provided by K. K. Sabu, Lalit Malhotra and Sara Philip. Concepts and Definitions The concepts and definitions of some of the important terms used in the baseline survey schedules or referred to in the present report are explained below. The technical terms have been explained, only with a view to enabling the lay reader to understand the context of the narration. Access: It is the ability to reach, visit, or use a service, and encompasses two factors of mobility and proximity. Accessibility: It is a term often used in transport and land use planning and is generally understood to mean ‘ease of reaching’ (Jones, 1981). Acre: A unit of surface area (equivalent to 4047 sq.m.) Agricultural Labour: A person is considered as agricultural labour, if he/she follows one or more of the following agricultural occupations in the capacity of a wage-paid manual labour, whether paid in cash or kind or both: (i) farming, (ii) dairy farming, (iii) production of any horticultural commodity, (iv) raising of livestock, bee-keeping or poultry farming, (v) any practice performed on a farm as incidental to or in conjunction with farm operations (including forestry and timbering), preparation for market and delivery to storage or to market or to carriage for transportation to market of farm produce. Working in fisheries is excluded from agricultural labour. Further, ‘carriage for transportation’ refers only to the first stage of transport from farm to the first place of disposal. (Source: NSSO) Agricultural Marketing Societies: These societies are formed by groups of farmers with the objective of getting better prices for their products. Their activities include collection, processing, selling, and transporting the products of their members. Agricultural Production: An occupation category which includes growing of (i) cereal crops (paddy, wheat, jowar, bajra, maize, ragi, barley, etc.), (ii) pulses (arhar, gram, moong, urad, etc.), (iii) cotton, (iv) jute, mesta, sann hemp or other kindred fibres, (v) oilseeds, (vi) sugarcane or sugar beet, (vii) roots and tubers, vegetables, singharas, chillies and spices (other than pepper and cardamom), (viii) fodder crops; floriculture and horticulture including tree nurseries; and agricultural production not elsewhere classified. (Source: Census of India) Concepts and Definitions iii Agro-climatic Zone: A division of the country based on physical and climatic considerations for an optimum farming system of crop production. The agro-climatic division (zoning) broadly takes into account the soil characteristics, climate, rainfall, and water availability. The country has been divided into 15 zones for the purposes of national agricultural economy: (i) Western Himalayan (ii) Eastern Himalayan (iii) Lower Gangetic Plains (iv) Middle Gangetic Plains (v) Upper Gangetic Plains (vi) Trans- Gangetic Plains (vii) Eastern Plateau and Hills (viii) Central Plateau and Hills (ix) Western Plateau and Hills (x) Southern Plateau and Hills (xi) East Coast Plains and Hills (xii) West Coast Plains and Ghats (xiii) Gujarat Plains and Hills (xiv) Western Dry (xv) Islands (Source: Planning Commission) Arithmetic Mean or Mean: It is the sum of a set of numbers divided by the number of cases in the set. It is denoted as X = ( X)/N. Artisans: An occupation category which includes (i) sculptors, painters and related artists; (ii) commercial artists, interior decorators and designers; (iii) movie camera operators; (iv) photographers; (v) composers, musicians and singers; (vi) choreographers; (vii) actors; (viii) stage and film directors and producers (performing arts); (ix) circus performers (excluding rope dancers and acrobats); (x) dancers; (xi) rope dancers; (xii) acrobats; and (xiii) snake charmers. (Source: Census of India) Attached Labour: Contract labour for a specified period of agricultural season. Average: It denotes, among other things, the arithmetic mean, the median, the mode, the geometric mean, and weighted means. Average Cost: Cost per unit of output, where the costs of all inputs (factors of production) are included. Thus, the average cost (AC) may be written as: AC = (TC/X), where X is output and TC is the total cost. Average cost comprises average fixed cost (AFC) and average variable cost (AVC). Average Daily Traffic (ADT): Average number of vehicles that pass a specified point during a 24-hour period. Average Travel Cost: It is the average cost of travel taking all trips into account; also expressed as a ratio of total trips to total cost. Average Travel Time: It is the average time of travel taking all trips into account; also expressed as the ratio of total trips to total travel time. Average Trip Length: It is the average distance of travel taking all trips into account. iv Socio-economic Impact of National Highway on Rural Population Bias: It may be said to exist when the value of a sample statistics shows a persistent tendency to deviate in one direction from the value of the parameter. Big Business (Organised Sector Enterprise): It refers to those enterprises which are registered under the Factory Act, 1948, and have 10 or more employees, using power for their operations; or have 20 or more employees and carry out their operations without power (Source: CSO). Bigha: One fifth of an acre (equivalent to 809 sq.m.) Casual Wage Labour: A person who is casually engaged in others’ farm or non-farm enterprises (both household and non-household) and, in return, receives wages according to the terms of the daily or periodic work contract. Usually, in the rural areas, a type of casual labourers can be seen who normally engage themselves in ‘public works’ activities. ‘Public works’ are those activities which are sponsored by the government or local bodies for constructing roads, bunds, digging ponds, etc. as ‘test relief’ measures (like flood relief, drought relief, or famine relief.) and also employment-generation schemes under poverty alleviation programmes (NREP, RLEGP, etc.). (Source: NSSO) Co-efficient of Variation (CV): The coefficient of variation is defined as: CV = 100 , where σ is the standard deviation and x is the mean. It is used to x compare two or more series where the means differ significantly and where the standard deviation is an inadequate measure of dispersion. Community Health Centre: It is an upgraded primary health centre provided in each community development block, covering a population of one lakh. It has up to 30 beds and is equipped with X-ray and other laboratory facilities. The centre has a specialist each in surgery, medicine, obstetrics, gynaecology, and pediatrics. Community Water Supply: Irrigated water supply for