GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA Kyasanur Forest Disease A compendium of Scientific Literature Department of Health & Family Welfare Services OFFICE OF THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR VIRUS DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY PHONE: 08182-222050 SHIVAMOGGA -577201 Compiled by Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Contents Chapter. 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 1 Description of unusual illness ............................................................................................................. 1 How was KFD investigated? .............................................................................................................. 1 What was concluded? ......................................................................................................................... 1 Overview of KFD ............................................................................................................................... 1 Origin of KFD ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Chapter. 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 3 Subsequent outbreaks .......................................................................................................................... 3 1959 to 2001 ................................................................................................................................... 3 Since 2001 ....................................................................................................................................... 4 The emergence of KFD outbreaks (2012 to 2018) .......................................................................... 6 Chapter. 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 8 Epidemiology of KFD ......................................................................................................................... 8 Virus classification (by ICTV) ........................................................................................................ 8 ICD classification ............................................................................................................................ 8 Vectors ............................................................................................................................................ 8 Principal Vector .............................................................................................................................. 8 Reservoir Host ................................................................................................................................ 8 Amplifying Host ............................................................................................................................. 8 Accidental Host ............................................................................................................................... 8 Transmission ................................................................................................................................... 9 Affected states in India ................................................................................................................... 9 Risk factors and risk groups ............................................................................................................ 9 Agent ............................................................................................................................................. 10 Natural hosts and reservoir ........................................................................................................... 10 Environmental factors ................................................................................................................... 13 Transmission of KFDV ................................................................................................................. 15 Virus ecology ................................................................................................................................ 16 Incubation period .......................................................................................................................... 16 Chapter. 4 ............................................................................................................................................ 17 Clinical features ................................................................................................................................ 17 KFD progression ............................................................................................................................... 17 Pathogenesis ...................................................................................................................................... 18 Pathological findings ................................................................ ........................................................ 19 Laboratory findings ................................................................ ........................................................... 19 Chapter. 5 ............................................................................................................................................ 21 How was KFD vaccine developed? .................................................................................................. 21 Chapter. 6 ............................................................................................................................................ 22 Prevention and Control measures ..................................................................................................... 22 Tick Vector Control .......................................................................................................................... 22 Reducing the tick abundance ............................................................................................................ 22 Physical control ............................................................................................................................. 22 Chemical Control .......................................................................................................................... 22 Targeted application ...................................................................................................................... 22 Area spraying ................................................................................................................................ 23 Personal protection ............................................................................................................................ 23 Avoidance of tick habitats............................................................................................................. 23 Protective clothing ........................................................................................................................ 23 Tick Removal ................................................................................................................................ 23 Repellents ...................................................................................................................................... 24 Future strategies for tick-control ....................................................................................................... 24 Disposal of monkey carcasses........................................................................................................... 25 KFD Surveillance.............................................................................................................................. 25 Human surveillance ...................................................................................................................... 26 Monkey surveillance ..................................................................................................................... 26 Tick surveillance ........................................................................................................................... 26 Tick surveillance ............................................................................................................................... 26 Active tick surveillance: ................................................................................................................... 26 Dragging and flagging methods .................................................................................................... 27 Dry ice baited method ................................................................................................................... 27 Collection of tick parasitising live host ......................................................................................... 28 Leaf litter sampling method .......................................................................................................... 28 Passive surveillance .......................................................................................................................... 28 Chapter. 7 ............................................................................................................................................ 29 Outbreak detection and Management ..............................................................................................