Protecting Sacred Lives Urban Aboriginal Youth Domestic Trafficking in Persons Policy Research Report Prepared for the Office of the Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians AMR Planning & Consulting Inc. J u l y 2 0 1 2 i | P a g e Protecting Sacred Lives Cover Artwork: © 2011 Geri Montano – Sundance in Red www.missionartistsunited.org/artists/redmirage “Our children need to be taken back to the land to heal. We need to wrap our loving arms around them, protect them, love them and show them their unique Spirit, which we are ever so blessed to have in our community.” Elder Mae Louise Campbell1 Written by Nicki Ferland, Cathy Denby, Mallory Neuman and Angie Bruce of AMR Planning & Consulting Inc. 1 Quote from Elder Mae Louise Campbell about HOME (Hands of Our Mother Earth) Rural Healing Lodge, a six-bed rural safe home that includes specialized services for sexually exploited female and transgender children/youth between the ages of 13 and 17. P r o t e c ting Sacred Lives Protecting Sacred Lives Office of the Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians Urban Aboriginal Youth Domestic Trafficking in Persons Policy Research Report Contents Glossary of Terms.......................................................................................................................................... ii Executive Summary and Recommendations ................................................................................................ v Section I Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Limitations ................................................................................................................................................ 3 Section II Paths to Being Exploited ............................................................................................................... 5 A. Antecedents ...................................................................................................................................... 5 B. Age of Entry and Duration .............................................................................................................. 10 C. Introduction into the Sex Trade ...................................................................................................... 11 Section III Prevalence and Type of Activity ................................................................................................. 13 A. Prevalence ....................................................................................................................................... 13 B. Type of Activity ............................................................................................................................... 13 Section IV The Costs and Consequences of Sexual Exploitation ................................................................. 17 A. Personal Costs and Consequences .................................................................................................. 17 Violence and Safety ............................................................................................................................. 17 Psychological Effects ........................................................................................................................... 18 Health Risks ......................................................................................................................................... 18 B. Social and Fiscal Costs ..................................................................................................................... 19 Section V Transitioning Issues and Barriers ................................................................................................ 23 Section VII Programming Needs and Initiatives .......................................................................................... 25 A. Programming Needs ....................................................................................................................... 25 B. Existing Initiatives ........................................................................................................................... 27 Section VI Legal and Pragmatic Response .................................................................................................. 36 A. Legal and Policy Context in Manitoba ............................................................................................. 36 Challenges and Gaps ........................................................................................................................... 39 i | P a g e Protecting Sacred Lives Supply vs. Demand .............................................................................................................................. 40 B. Reporting/Underreporting .............................................................................................................. 40 Reasons for Underreporting ............................................................................................................... 42 Section VIII Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 44 Section IX Policy Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 46 Works Cited ................................................................................................................................................. 52 Appendix I – Annotated Bibliography ......................................................................................................... 57 Appendix II – Data Collection Instruments ................................................................................................. 69 i. Interview Guide ............................................................................................................................... 69 ii. Focus Group Discussion Guide & Focus Group Survey ................................................................... 74 iii. Consent Form .................................................................................................................................. 75 Appendix III: Hierarchy of the Sex Trade .................................................................................................... 76 Appendix IV: Stages of Exploitation ............................................................................................................ 77 ii | P a g e Protecting Sacred Lives Glossary of Terms *Excerpted from Understanding & Working with Children & Youth Who Have Been Sexually Exploited1 Bad Date* Term used to describe a john who assaults, rapes or rips off a sex trade worker. Bawdy-House2 A place that is kept or occupied, or resorted to by one or more persons, for the purpose of prostitution or the practice of acts of indecency. Circle Jerk* Derogatory term used to describe a person who drives around and around but never dates any one. Circle jerks are also known to masturbate while they drive around. Coercion* To bring about certain desired behaviour either by force or threat. A tactic used by pimps to brainwash and/or threaten youth to enter and stay in the sex trade out of fear that family and/or friends won’t accept them now that they are sex trade workers and fear of beatings and death. Commercial The sexual exploitation of a person for money or anything of value including, but not Sexual limited to, food, a place to stay, cigarettes, clothes, transportation, or alcohol and Exploitation* drugs. Date/Trick* Person who sexually exploits someone else, usually used to describe men who are sexually exploiting someone for money. Entrenched3 The state of having completely adopted all cultural components of the sex trade, where almost everyone the individual associates with is in the sex trade, characterized by daily substance abuse and increased levels of violence. Experiential Someone who has personal experience with sexual exploitation and are aware of Person* current trends in the local sex trade. Exploitation* The act of taking advantage of someone’s weaknesses or needs for one’s own satisfaction or benefit. Gay for Pay* Term usually used to describe a male/same sex person in the sex trade. Gender Fluid A non-static gender identity that is described as a shifting sense of feeling male or female (as well as inside or outside this binary). It has nothing to do with sex or sexual orientation. 1 Berry, Jennifer, Hallick, Katherine, Rocke, Cathy, Runner, Jane and Scheirich, Wendy, Understanding & Working with Children & Youth Who Have been Affected by Sexual Exploitation: Trainers Manual. Winnipeg, MB: Core Competency Training Centre & Manitoba Family Services and Housing, 2005, Revised 2008. 2 Criminal Code of Canada, C-46. Part VII Disorderly Houses, Gaming and Betting (Section 197, Definitions). 3 With regard to the sex trade, the terminology “entrenched” was developed by Jennifer Richardson and Jane Runner in 2003, authors of the Provincial Child Sexual Exploitation Training where the level of involvement in the sex trade or stages of sexual exploitation have been defined (“entrenched” being one of the levels). See Appendix IV: Stages of Exploitation, for the indicators of being entrenched in