ISRAEL The Historical Atlas The Story of Israel From Ancient Times to the Modern Nation By Correspondents of The New York Times Joel Brinkley Malcolm W. Browne Peter Grose Bernard Gwertzman Clyde Haberman Judith Miller Serge Schmemann David K. Shipler John Noble Wilford And a Special Biographical Section Nation Builders Leaders Who Shaped Israel Macmillan USA ISRAEL: THE HISTORICAL ATLAS Contents PREFACE CHAPTER 2 THE STRUGGLE FOR STATEHOOD CHAPTER 1 THE ANCIENT LAND 14 Judith Miller John Noble Wilford A report on the personalities, issues and the internal con- flicts that marked the Zionist movement, beginning in the late 19th Century, and which culminated in the creation of Israel in May, 1948. The agrarian kibbutz movement of early settlers to Palestine in the period between the wars was followed by the desperate efforts of Holocaust survivors to reach the Promised Land despite a powerful British military cordon. Then, as the British mandate began to crumble under political and Jewish military attack, fighting broke out between Jewish armies for supremacy in the conclusive chapter of the drive for statehood. Tracing the history from biblical times and the Roman Conquest, this chapter reviews the peoples of the Old Testament and the birth of Christianity, the Crusades through the fall of the Ottoman Empire up to the Balfour Declaration, the British Empire's reluctant promise in 1917 to create a Jewish homeland. MAPS MAPS Last Years of Turkish Rule 1882-1916 The Fertile Crescent 16 Sykes Picot Plan for Palestine Abraham's Migration 17 League of Nations Mandate 1921 David's Kingdoms 18 Pledges and Border Changes 1923 The Exodus 18 Emigration to Israel 1919-1970 The Assyrian Empire 19 Percentage of World Jewish Population Great Empires 20 Living in Israel 1882-1948 Alexander's Empire 21 The Arab Revolt 1936 Jewish Settlements within the Roman Empire 22 Peel Commission Partition Plan 1937 The Jewish Revolt 23 The Holocaust 1939-1945 The Siege and Capture of Jerusalem 27 Jewish Agencies Partition Plan 1946 The Ottoman Empire circa 1900 28 United Nations Partition Plan 1947 The Middle East 1914-1918 31 The Road to Jerusalem 1948 10 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 THE YOUNG NATION 50 THE SIX-DAY WAR 66 Peter Grose David K.Shipler The war's aftermath both inspired and traumatized Israel, and has had lasting influence on shaping its domestic political culture and on international relations in the Mideast. Israel was surrounded by implacable enemies as a flourishing democracy with characteristics of a virtual garrison state, a Cold War pawn with only one reliable ally. United Nations partition between Jews and Arabs led to an immediate multi-pronged Arab attack and the War of Independence. The next war wasn't long in coming: the 1956 Suez invasion, and superpower involvement in the future of the state. The period was marked by shifting internal politics, huge migration from abroad and economic growth. Malcom W. Browne MAPS Special Report: Israel and the Bomb 80 The Arab Invasion 1948 52 MAPS Israeli Counter Attack 1948-1949 52 The Arab Advance to Israel's Borders 1967 67 Jerusalem Divided 1948-1967 54 Jewish Immigration 1948-1972 57 The Six -Day War 1967 68 The Struggle for Water 1950-1965 59 The Sinai Front 1967 70 The Sinai Campaign 1956 62 The West Bank 1967 73 The Golan Heights 1967 77 11 ISRAEL: THE HISTORICAL ATLAS CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6 FROM WAR TO PEACE 82 THE WARS IN LEBANON AND AT HOME 96 Bernard Gwertzmah Joel Brinkley Following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982, aimed at wiping out the P.L.O. and its safe havens, world opinion turned against Israel and even Israelis questioned whether the nation's overwhelming military power had been wisely used. The division deepened with the rise of Palestinian terrorism abroad — the Achille Lauro hijacking and the airport massacres in Rome and Vienna, all in 1985 — and the beginning of organized Palestinian resistance, the intifada, at home. Israel harshly struck back and a renewal of the bitter standoff seemed the most likely future. The glory of the Six-Day War almost turned into a disaster for Israel when lands it had captured were overrun by Syria and Egypt. With U.S. emergency aid, Israel recovered and dealt its Arab foes both a military and psychological defeat. The stage was thus set for Anwar Sadat's historical journey to Jerusalem in 1977 — the first truce in 30 years of war. Two years later Egypt and Israel, under its first Likud leader, Menachem Begin, signed a peace treaty brokered at Camp David by Jimmy Carter. Special Report: Massacre in Beirut 103 MAPS MAPS New Jewish Settlements on the West Bank 1982 98 The Balance of Power 1973 85 Invasion of Lebanon 1982 100 Cease-fire October 1973 86 Beirut: Shatila and Sabra 1982 101 The Golan Heights 1973 87 Gaza 1967-1973 108 Sinai Agreements 1974-1975 88 Israel and the Gulf War 1991 112 The Israeli/Syrian Disengagement 1974 91 Desert Storm 1990-1991 113 12 CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8 BREAKTHROUGH 114 HOPES AND FEARS 126 Clyde Haberman Serge Schmemann The peace process fitfully continued with Israeli with- drawal from portions of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, even while many Israelis had second thoughts about their future security, and since terrorist bombings did not subside, even some doves became edgy. Then, amidst increasingly angry and fearful opposition by right-wing Israelis, a young Orthodox student assassinated Prime Minister Rabin in November, 1995, just as he left a peace rally. His successor, Shimon Peres, could not allay security fears skillfully exploited by the young Likud leader, Benjamin Netanyahu. In an extremely close vote in May, 1996, the Labor government was toppled by Netanyahu. MAPS It was precisely the standoff — and American pressure in Settlements of Contention 1989-1991 128 the wake of Operation Desert Storm — that led each side to Jerusalem 1967-1997 136 radically rethink reality. Israel realized that it was better to The New Palestinian State 1997 137 seek a deal with the P.L.O. than confront more terrorism Israel in the 1990s 138 from increasingly powerful Islamic fundamentalists who threatened the P.L.O. as well. For its part, the P.L.O. finally admitted that Israel was here to stay. The twin conclusions led in 1993 to a secret deal in Oslo, sealed on the White NATION BUILDERS House lawn in September, 1993, with a stunning handshake Leaders who shaped Israel 140 between Yitzhak Rabin and Yasir Arafat. A peace treaty with Jordan followed in 1994 and tough negotiations with ISRAEL ALMANAC Syria ensued. But violence was never far off: an Israeli settler Dates and data on the Israeli state 192 massacred 29 Arabs in a mosque in Hebron and a wave of Islamic terrorist suicide bombings killed scores of Israelis. HISTORIC HEADLINES FROM THE NEW YORK TIMES 196 MAPS INDEX 201 The intifada 125 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 208 13.