PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Series A - No. 65 PAPERS IN PIDGIN AND CREOLE LINGUISTICS No. 3 * CONTRIBUTIONS BY Lois Carrington Jeff Siegel Peter Miihlhiiusler Linda Simons Alan Baxter Joyce Hudson Alan Rumsey Ann Chowning Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Carrington, L., Siegel, J., Mühlhäusler, P., Simons, L., Baxter, A., Hudson, J., Rumsey, A. and Chowning, A. editors. Papers in Pidgin and Creole Linguistics No. 3. A-65, vi + 211 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1983. DOI:10.15144/PL-A65.cover ©1983 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is issued through the Linguistic Circle of Canberra and consists of four series: SERIES A - Occasional Papers SERIES B - Monographs SERIES C - Books SERIES D - Special Publications EDITOR: S.A. Wurm ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B.W. Bender John Lynch University of Hawaii University of Papua New Guinea David Bradley K.A. McElhanon La Trobe University University of Texas A. Capell H.P. McKaughan University of Sydney University of Hawaii Michael G. Clyne P. MUhlhllusler Monash University Linacre College, Oxford S.H. Elbert G.N. O'Grady University of Hawaii University of Victoria, B.C. K.J. Franklin A.K. Pawley Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Auckland W.W. Glover K.L. Pike University of Michigan; Summer Institute of Linguistics Summer Institute of Linguistics G.W. Grace E.C. Polome University of Hawaii University of Texas M.A.K. Halliday Gillian Sankoff University of Sydney University of Pennsylvania E. Haugen W.A.L. Stokhof National Center for Harvard University Language Development, Jakarta; A. Healey University of Leiden Summer Institute of Linguistics E.M. Uhlenbeck L.A. Hercus University of Leiden Australian National University J.W.M. Verhaar Nguyen Elling Liem Gonzaga University, Spokane University of Hawaii All correspondence concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: The Secretary PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies The Australian National University G.P.O. Box 4, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601 Australia. Copyright © The Authors First Published 1983 Typeset by Ling Matsay Printed by A.N.U. Printing Service Bound by Adriatic Bookbinders Pty. Ltd. Maps drawn by Manlio Pancino and Suzie Jeffcoat, Cartography, Department of Human Geography, Research School of Pacific Studies, A.N. U. The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for assistance in the production of this series. This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 305 0 TABLE OF CONTENTS page THE CONTRIBUTORS v LOCATION MAP vi Eyewitness reporting Lois CARRINGTON 1-80 Media Tok Pisin Jeff SIEGEL 81-92 Learning to speak about speaking in a pidgin language Peter MtiHLHAUSLER 93-103 The reality of Sapir's psychological reality of the phoneme Peter MtiHLHAUSLER 105-120 A comparison of the pidgins of the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea Linda SIMONS 121-137 Notes on the Pidgin German of Kiautschou Peter MtiHLHAUSLER 139-142 Creole Universals and Kristang (Malacca Creole portuguese) Alan BAXTER 143-160 Transitivity and aspect in the Kriol verb Joyce HUDSON 161-176 On some syntactico-semantic consequences of homophony in north-west Australian Pidgin! Creole English Alan RUMSEY 177-189 Interaction between Pidgin and three West New Britain languages Ann CHOWNING 191-206 iii vi CHINA �USTRALr:A �- -- ---- -- -----------� - --_.-: Location of language areas referred to by the authors TH E CONTRIBUTORS ALAN BAXTER is a research scholar in the Department of Linguistics , Research School of Pacific Studies , Australian National University. LOIS CARRINGTON has had wide experience in teaching English to non-native speakers , in Australia, overseas , and especially in Papua New Guinea. She is now employed in research work in linguistics at the Australian National University, Canberra . ANN CHOWNING is Professor of Anthropology at Victoria University of Wellington , New Zealand; in addition to West New Britain, she has done fieldwork with the Mo lima of Fergusson Island , Milne Bay Province . JOYCE HUDSON is working under the auspices of the Summer Institute of Linguistics , Australian Aborigines Branch . She has worked extensively in the Fitzroy Crossing area of the southern Kimberleys in Western Australia, in Walmajarri and Gooniyandi , as well as in Kriol. PETER MOHLHAUSLER is the University Lecturer in General Linguistics at the University of Oxford and Fellow of Linacre College , Oxford . ALAN RUMSEY is a lecturer in the Department of Anthropology , University of Sydney . LINDA SIMONS is a member of the Summer Institute of Linguistics working in Malaita, Solomon Islands , with the Solomon Islands Translation Advisory Group . JEFF SIEGEL is a research scholar in the Department of Linguistics , Research School of Pacific Studies , Australian National University . v Carrington, L., Siegel, J., Mühlhäusler, P., Simons, L., Baxter, A., Hudson, J., Rumsey, A. and Chowning, A. editors. Papers in Pidgin and Creole Linguistics No. 3. A-65, vi + 211 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1983. DOI:10.15144/PL-A65.cover ©1983 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. EYEWITNESS REPORTING Lois Carrington 1.0 INTRODUCTION The body of data presented and described in this paper is a collection of eyewitness reports in Tok Pisin (widely referred to in the past as New Guinea Pidgin and , by the subjects themselves , also called Pidgin) , henceforth TP . The reports were written during class training by post-secondary students at the Administrative co llege1 in Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea , during 1973. The circumstances of the writing and collection of the data require some explanation. To those working intensively in the field of appl ied linguistics it was apparent , in the years immediately before Independence , that studies of TP already made , by Hall (for instance 1943, 1955, 1959) , Wurm (1966, 1969 and 1971, to single out a few) , Laycock (1966 , 1969, 1970b and elsewhere) , Murphy (1966) , Mihalic (1971) and others were forerunners of a necessarily accelerated study of the areal development of TP , historically and functionally (cf. Muhlhausler , 1983a "Learning to speak about speaking in pidgin language", this volume , pp . 93-103) which is , nearly a decade later, still of vital concern, and to serve which still more data are needed . Thus, when the opportunity arose to collect 2 this material it was taken . 1.1 The nature of the reporters The value of the data lies principally in that it was accumulated from a largely homogeneous group of 160 people representing all but one of the main areas of Papua New Guinea, all within a narrow age range , all with much the same educational level and , more interesting , all with an orientation towards a certain type of employment within the community. However , their time as middle to senior level professional public servants was , in 1973, still in the future , and all but a handful were innocent of any 'register' which might be associated with the speech of such professionals (see Muhlhausler 1979a:161f) . Their homogeneity lay not in that, but rather in the level of education obtained , and their ranking within that level : these were not the 'cream ' who were encouraged to go on to senior High School and thence to university, but the next rank of students , 3 who seemed , then , to find their way to agricultural colleges , local government college , forestry colleges , or to the Administrative College (or its twin training institution , ASOPA : the Australian School of Pacific Affairs in Mosman, Sydney) . Papers in pidgin and creole linguistics No .3, 1-80. Pacific Linguistics , A-65, 1983. © Lois Carrington 1 Carrington, L. "Eyewitness reporting". In Carrington, L., Siegel, J., Mühlhäusler, P., Simons, L., Baxter, A., Hudson, J., Rumsey, A. and Chowning, A. editors, Papers in Pidgin and Creole Linguistics No. 3. A-65:1-80. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1983. DOI:10.15144/PL-A65.1 ©1983 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. 2 LOIS CA RRINGTON The Administrative College 's role, from the early 1960s on, in training Papua New Guineans for positions of responsibility in the rapidly local ising Public Service of the country has been well outlined in prospectuses and other publications . Its founding Principal, David Chenoweth, saw the College as a setting for the training and personal development of the young men and women who will be making a significant contribution to the development of the nation of Papua New Guinea, by going into its Public Service and working to­ gether, with a mutual knowledge and understanding gained thrQugh being at the training centre and engaging in co­ operative work there ... the idea being ... to encourage the development of alert, alive, and responsible Papuan and New Guinean public servants (personal communication, 1970) . There were various categories of student : those on a two-year Diploma in Administration course, various short-term management