ABBREVIATIONS A list of the more commonly-used abbrevia­ cVg-I, Vegetal mRNA or protein in early chick tions other than those in figure legends. Mem­ embryos bers of gene families (e.g. BMP-4, Hoxa-I) are DIl, distal-less gene in Drosophila listed under the gene family (BMP, Hox) and Dlx, the vertebrate orthologue of DII not separately. DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid dpp, the decapentaplegic gene in Drosophila, abd-A, abdominal-A genes of the bithorax a member of the TGF-~ superfamily complex D-V, dorso-ventral axis or dorso-ventral Abd-B, abdominal-B genes of the bithorax polarity complex ECM, extracellular matrix AER, apical ectodermal ridge of tetrapod limb EDB, evolutionary developmental biology buds EDTA, ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid, a AmHNF-3, hepatic nuclear factor-3 (HNF-3) chelating agent gene in Branchiostoma (amphioxus) EGF, epidermal growth factor AmphiEn, the orthologue of the engrailed gene EGF-R, epidermal growth factor receptor in Branchiostoma (amphioxus) En, the engrailed homeobox-containing gene AmphiHox-l-AmphiHox-12, Hox genes of Bran­ in Drosophila chiostoma (amphioxus) eng, the vertebrate orthologue of Drosophila AmphiOtx, Branchiostoma (amphioxus) mem­ en ber of the orthodenticle (otd) gene family Er, repeated epilation mutant mice in which ANT-c, the antennapedia complex of Dro­ both limb and tail ridges are abnormal sophila homeotic genes eve, even-skipped, a pair-rule gene in Dro- antp, the antennapedia gene in Drosophila sophila A-P, antero-posterior axis or antero-posterior ey, eyeless mutation in Drosophila polarity FGF, fibroblast growth factor ATPase6, adenosine 6'-triphosphatase GDF, growth differentiation factors bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor Gli2, a zinc finger gene in mice BMP, bone morphogenetic protein, a member Her-I, the zebrafish orthologue of the Dro­ of the TGF-~ superfamily sophila pair-rule gene Hairy BX-C, the bithorax complex of Drosophila HNF-3, hepatic nuclear factor-3, a DNA­ homeotic genes binding protein CAM(s), cell adhesion molecule(s) Hox, vertebrate genes related to Drosophila cDNA, complimentary DNA ANT-C and BX-C gene clusters ch, congenital hydrocephalus mutation in mice HrPax-37, Pax gene of the ascidian Halocynthia chn, chinless mutation in zebrafish roretzi CJMs, cell junctional molecules IGF, insulin-like growth factor Clx, clock genes in Caenorhabditis elegans Krox-20, a zinc finger protein cSnr, chick member of the snail family of L-CAM, liver cell adhesion molecule Drosophila genes Lef-I, lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-l 404 Abbreviations lin, cell lineage abnormal genes in SAM(s), surface adhesion molecule(s) Caenorhabditis elegans ScI, scalloped wings, modifier of Rop-l L-R, left right axis or left-right polarity Ser, Sex combs reduced, a homeotic gene m3, a central tarsal bone in salamanders Sey, small eye, a mutation of Pax-6 mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid ss., sections, referring to other sections in the Msh, muscle segment homeobox gene in book Drosophila shh, sonic hedgehog gene Msx, orthologues of Drosophila Msh in verte­ Six6, the mouse orthologue of Pax-6 brates sog, short gastrulation gene in Drosophila mya, million years ago TGF-~, transforming growth factor-beta MyoD, myoblast determination 1 protein Trx-G, trithorax response element of such expressed only in muscle cells genes as Scr NADH1, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ub, ultrabithorax gene in Drosophila N-CAM, neural cell adhesion molecule Uro-2, Uro-ll , ascidian genes that encode a Otx, vertebrate members of the Drosophila DNA-binding gene orthodenticle (otd) gene family vestigial tail (vt), mutant mice lacking a tail (p), premature death mutation in Ambystoma ridge mexicanum Vg-l, vegetal mRNA or protein located in the Pax, mouse member of Drosophila paired box vegetal pole of Xenopus blastulae. genes wnt, a family of cysteine-rich glycoproteins in Pc-G, polycomb response elements of such vertebrates, named from wingless (wn) and genes as Scr. integrated (t), Drosophila and vertebrate seg­ P-D, proximo-distal axis or proximo-distal ment polarity genes polarity Xbap, bagpipe gene in Xenopus pdm, a gene involved in initiation of wing XVent-2, a novel homeobox gene in Xenopus primordia in Drosophila Xwnt, Xenopus member of the Drosophila wing- RA, retinoic acid less gene family Rop-l, resistance gene to dieldrin ZPA, zone of polarizing activity in limb rRNA, proposed ribosomal ribonucleic acid buds s, section, referring to another section in the book REFERENCES Abbott, U.K. (1975) Genetic approaches to studies Akam, M. 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