PEACEBUILDING AND DEVELOPMENT IN SOMALIA, SOUTH SUDAN AND THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CANADIAN ACTION Report of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development Michael Levitt, Chair MAY 2019 42nd PARLIAMENT, 1st SESSION Published under the authority of the Speaker of the House of Commons SPEAKER’S PERMISSION The proceedings of the House of Commons and its Committees are hereby made available to provide greater public access. The parliamentary privilege of the House of Commons to control the publication and broadcast of the proceedings of the House of Commons and its Committees is nonetheless reserved. All copyrights therein are also reserved. Reproduction of the proceedings of the House of Commons and its Committees, in whole or in part and in any medium, is hereby permitted provided that the reproduction is accurate and is not presented as official. 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Substantive reports on a subject-matter study usually contain a synopsis of the testimony heard, the recommendations made by the committee, as well as the reasons for those recommendations. STANDING COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CHAIR Michael Levitt VICE-CHAIRS Hon. Erin O’Toole Guy Caron MEMBERS Ziad Aboultaif Leona Alleslev Frank Baylis Pamela Goldsmith-Jones (Parliamentary Secretary — Non-Voting Member) Kamal Khera (Parliamentary Secretary — Non-Voting Member) Robert Oliphant (Parliamentary Secretary — Non-Voting Member) Raj Saini Jati Sidhu Anita Vandenbeld Borys Wrzesnewskyj OTHER MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT WHO PARTICIPATED Matt DeCourcey Terry Duguid Linda Duncan Garnett Genuis Marilyn Gladu Gordie Hogg Hélène Laverdière Kelly McCauley Karen McCrimmon Hon. Robert Nault Gagan Sikand Geng Tan iii CLERK OF THE COMMITTEE Erica Pereira LIBRARY OF PARLIAMENT Parliamentary Information and Research Service Allison Goody, Analyst Brian Hermon, Analyst Scott McTaggart, Analyst iv THE STANDING COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT has the honour to present its TWENTY-FIFTH REPORT Pursuant to its mandate under Standing Order 108(2), the Committee has studied the situations in Somalia, South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo and has agreed to report the following: v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................................... 1 PEACEBUILDING AND DEVELOPMENT IN SOMALIA, SOUTH SUDAN AND THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CANADIAN ACTION ............................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 5 The Situation in Somalia ............................................................................................................... 6 The Struggle for Security ....................................................................................................... 8 Fostering Inclusion and Reconciliation ........................................................................ 12 The Situation in South Sudan ................................................................................................... 13 New Attempts at Peacemaking ........................................................................................ 15 Supporting the Implementation of the Revitalized Agreement .......................... 17 The Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ................................................ 19 Pre-electoral Unrest and Persistent Corruption ....................................................... 20 December 2018 Elections .................................................................................................. 22 Strengthening Electoral Integrity ................................................................................... 24 Contexts of Fragility..................................................................................................................... 26 Humanitarian Emergencies ............................................................................................... 28 Population Displacement ............................................................................................ 32 Supporting Local Organizations ............................................................................... 36 Multi-dimensional and Persistent Insecurity ............................................................. 38 The Protection of Civilians .......................................................................................... 40 Women, Peace and Security ....................................................................................... 42 Conflict Minerals ............................................................................................................. 44 Combatting Impunity ........................................................................................................... 45 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 47 vii APPENDIX A: LIST OF WITNESSES ............................................................................................... 49 APPENDIX B: LIST OF BRIEFS......................................................................................................... 53 REQUEST FOR GOVERNMENT RESPONSE ................................................................................ 55 viii LIST OF RECOMMENDATIONS As a result of their deliberations committees may make recommendations which they include in their reports for the consideration of the House of Commons or the Government. Recommendations related to this study are listed below. Recommendation 1 The Government of Canada should consider offering greater assistance to Somalia to address attacks by al-Shabaab, including through contributions to the United Nations Security Council-mandated African Union Mission in Somalia, and by providing technical advice and support for improved engagement of marginalized groups. ............................................................................ 12 Recommendation 2 The Government of Canada should support projects aimed at fostering inclusive governance and reconciliation in Somalia. In so doing, the government should explore mechanisms through which it can engage Somali- Canadians, as well as local stakeholders and organizations in Somalia, who are working to build peace and a better future for the country. ......................................... 13 Recommendation 3 The Government of Canada should consider an initiative, such as hosting an international conference, to mobilize greater international assistance for humanitarian efforts in Somalia and better donor engagement on the ground. Such a conference should have a dedicated session on engagement of the diaspora communities.................................................................................................... 13 Recommendation 4 The Government of Canada should work with its international partners, regional organizations such as the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, and local organizations and stakeholders in South Sudan, to ensure the full and timely implementation of the Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan. .......................................................................................... 19 1 Recommendation 5 The Government of Canada, consistent with its Feminist International Assistance Policy, should consider providing