% Overview'of'Sea'Ice'Earth'Observa3on'5' Al3metry,'Extent,'Concentra3on,'Dri>' ' % Lecturer:%Dr.%Sinéad%Louise%Farrell%% % 1%Earth%System%Science%Interdisciplinary%Center%(ESSIC),%University%of%Maryland,%USA% 2%NOAA%Laboratory%for%Satellite%AlUmetry,%NOAA%Center%for%Weather%and%Climate%PredicUon,%USA% % Email:%[email protected]%%!%Twi<er:%@sineadlfarrell%!%% www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/sod/lsa/% 1st%ESA%Advanced%Training%Course%on%Remote%Sensing%of%the%Cryosphere%% University%of%Leeds,%United%Kingdom%% ESA$CTC16$)$Earth$Observa3on:$Sea$Ice,$An$Overview,$S.$L.$Farrell,$September$2016$12J16%September%2016% Photo%Credit:%Sinéad%L.%Farrell% .21+2:1;$ •! O-$'#)9BU#-%$#%6(/%*B(% %"1*$:81$8-*+*8,1+:0380$$ $D4?1$:5$,-1$8?:A*,1$0E0,1A$ $ •! R(/69'*-=%/-)%R#-*$#'*-=%,(/%OB(% %D12:1;$4F$+1A4,1$0150:5G$A1,-4H0$*5H$01504+0$ $D12:1;$4F$4/01+2*3450$;:,-$0*,1??:,1$*?3A1,+E$ $ •! C(6(/'B"%W#/36%7#'%,(/%OB(%R/EE*-=% $ •! H(D%,(/%OB(%!/'/5($('6% %"1*$781$#+1*I!J,15,I%45815,+*345$ $"1*$781$K+:L$*5H$#G1$ $"1*$781$&-:8M5100$*5H$N4?OA1$ $ •! X/-)D%3*-Y6%$#%/>/*3/L3(%)/$/%6($6%/-)%79'$"('%'(/)*-=$ !"#$%&%'($)$!*+,-$./01+2*3456$"1*$7819$#5$.21+2:1;9$"<$=<$>*++1??9$"1@,1A/1+$BC'($ &-1$>+4P15$.81*5$ !"#$#%&'()*$+%,*-./)%01%2/''(33% !"#$%&%'($)$!*+,-$./01+2*3456$"1*$7819$#5$.21+2:1;9$"<$=<$>*++1??9$"1@,1A/1+$BC'($ &-1$>+4P15$.81*5$ Arctic Ocean Southern Ocean Global coverage: ~ 20 – 25 x 106 km2 ! !"#$%&%'($)$!*+,-$./01+2*3456$"1*$7819$#5$.21+2:1;9$"<$=<$>*++1??9$"1@,1A/1+$BC'($ #$%4A@?1J$Q*,+:J$ !"#$%&%'($)$!*+,-$./01+2*3456$"1*$7819$#5$.21+2:1;9$"<$=<$>*++1??9$"1@,1A/1+$BC'($ #$%4A@?1J$Q*,+:J$ !"#$#%&'()*$+%,*-./)%01%2/''(33% The sea ice pack is a complex system of smooth, level sea ice floes, deformed ice and pressure ridges, open water areas including linear leads and polynyas, and new areas of thin ice. Snow cover atop the sea ice increases the albedo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ea ice is almost continually in motion! 5 principal forces acting on sea ice: wind (primary forcing factor over days to weeks, via surface drag), ocean currents, coriolis force, internal ice stress, sea surface slope/ tilt (sea level changes due to uneven heating and gravity forces across Arctic Basin). !"#$%&%'($)$!*+,-$./01+2*3456$"1*$7819$#5$.21+2:1;9$"<$=<$>*++1??9$"1@,1A/1+$BC'($ •! A3L()#%2(()L/BY6$ 758+1*0:5G$G?4/*?$,1A@1+*,O+109$,4G1,-1+$;:,-$#+838$*A@?:T8*3459$8*O01$$*$ H18+1*01$:5$,-1$!*+,-U0$054;$*5H$:81$8421+<$$&-:0$H18+1*010$421+*??$*?/1H4$4F$ +1G:459$;-:8-$:5$,O+5$:58+1*010$,-1$*/04+@345$4F$04?*+$+*H:*3459$*A@?:FE:5G$ ,-1$;*+A:5G6$*$@40:321$F11H/*8M$?44@V$$ !"#$%&%'($)$!*+,-$./01+2*3456$"1*$7819$#5$.21+2:1;9$"<$=<$>*++1??9$"1@,1A/1+$BC'($ !"#$%&%'($)$!*+,-$./01+2*3456$"1*$7819$#5$.21+2:1;9$"<$=<$>*++1??9$"1@,1A/1+$BC'($ •! A3L()#%2(()L/BY6$ 758+1*0:5G$G?4/*?$,1A@1+*,O+109$,4G1,-1+$;:,-$#+838$*A@?:T8*3459$8*O01$$*$H18+1*01$:5$,-1$ !*+,-U0$054;$*5H$:81$8421+<$$&-:0$H18+1*010$421+*??$*?/1H4$4F$+1G:459$;-:8-$:5$,O+5$:58+1*010$,-1$ */04+@345$4F$04?*+$+*H:*3459$*A@?:FE:5G$,-1$;*+A:5G6$*$@40:321$F11H/*8M$?44@V$$ $ •! X(/$%/-)%R#*6$9'(%239Z%2(()L/BY6$ K:A:5:0-:5G$#+838$01*$:81$:58+1*010$481*5$-1*,$WOJ$,4$*,A40@-1+19$*A@?:FE:5G$ ;*+A:5G<$$7,$*?04$:58+1*010$2*@4+$WOJ$,4$,-1$*,A40@-1+19$;-:8-$A*E$15-*581$ 8?4OH$8421+<$$&-:0$84O?H$@4,153*??E$1:,-1+$844?$4+$;*+A$,-1$@?*51,<$ !"#$%&%'($)$!*+,-$./01+2*3456$"1*$7819$#5$.21+2:1;9$"<$=<$>*++1??9$"1@,1A/1+$BC'($ !"#$#%&'()*$+%,*-./)%01%2/''(33% "! Approximately 50 % of the total exchange of heat between the Arctic Ocean and the atmosphere occurs through leads and polynyas. "! As the areal fraction of open water, leads, polynyas, or thinner ice increases in the Arctic, the sea ice will no longer efficiently insulate the ocean from the atmosphere. !"#$%&%'($)$!*+,-$./01+2*3456$"1*$7819$#5$.21+2:1;9$"<$=<$>*++1??9$"1@,1A/1+$BC'($ •! A3L()#%2(()L/BY6$ 758+1*0:5G$G?4/*?$,1A@1+*,O+109$,4G1,-1+$;:,-$#+838$*A@?:T8*3459$8*O01$$*$H18+1*01$:5$,-1$ !*+,-U0$054;$*5H$:81$8421+<$$&-:0$H18+1*010$421+*??$*?/1H4$4F$+1G:459$;-:8-$:5$,O+5$:58+1*010$,-1$ */04+@345$4F$04?*+$+*H:*3459$*A@?:FE:5G$,-1$;*+A:5G6$*$@40:321$F11H/*8M$?44@V$$ $ •! X(/$%/-)%R#*6$9'(%239Z%2(()L/BY6$ K:A:5:0-:5G$#+838$01*$:81$@*8M$:58+1*010$481*5$-1*,$WOJ$,4$*,A40@-1+19$*A@?:FE:5G$,-1$;*+A:5G<$$ 7,$*?04$:58+1*010$2*@4+$WOJ$,4$,-1$*,A40@-1+19$;-:8-$A*E$15-*581$8?4OH$8421+<$$%4O?H$@4,153*??E$ 1:,-1+$844?$4+$;*+A$,-1$@?*51,<$ $ •! :"('5#"/3*-(%&*'B93/U#-%P:X&Q%7(()L/BY6$$ 758+1*01H$1J@4+,$4F$F+10-;*,1+$X01*$:81$WOJY$F+4A$#+838$.81*5$84O?H$:58+1*01$ 0,+*3T8*345$4F$Z4+,-$#,?*5389$;-:8-$84O?H$0?4;$&[%<$$ #$H18+1*01$:5$&[%$;4O?H$,-15$H+*;$?100$#,?*538$;*,1+$:5,4$-:G-$?*3,OH109$ ?1*H:5G$,4$*$0?4;H4;5$:5$G?4/*?$421+,O+5:5G$81??$\$0O/01]O15,$?48*?:P1H$844?:5G$ !"#$%&%'($)$!*+,-$./01+2*3456$"1*$7819$#5$.21+2:1;9$"<$=<$>*++1??9$"1@,1A/1+$BC'($ ,#9'B(+%A&OA%IMM[% Ocean currents transport heat from the equator to the poles through a heat- and salt- driven process called thermohaline circulation. As the water cools at the poles, it becomes dense and heavy, and sinks. This cold water moves south along the lower part of the ocean and rises near the equator to complete the cycle (Source: NSIDC). !"#$%&%'($)$!*+,-$./01+2*3456$"1*$7819$#5$.21+2:1;9$"<$=<$>*++1??9$"1@,1A/1+$BC'($ Ocean Surface Temperatures Vegetative Greenness Summer 1982-2010 Max-NDVI: 1999-2013 Sea Ice Extent Summer minimum: 2014 Primary Productivity Change in occurrence of double bloom (%) Polar Bear 1998-2001 versus 2007-2012 Population trend: late 1980s - 2013 Loss of sea ice linked to: •! Increase in ocean temperatures •! Increase in vegetation •! Increase in primary productivity •! Decline of polar bear Impact of persistent ice loss in peripheral seas widely apparent (source: Arctic Report Card) !"#$%&%'($)$!*+,-$./01+2*3456$"1*$7819$#5$.21+2:1;9$"<$=<$>*++1??9$"1@,1A/1+$BC'($"?:H1$84O+,10E$4F$^<$D:8-,1+)Q15G1$X%4)!H:,4+9$#+838$D1@4+,$%*+HY$ •! C(5#$(%/-)%"/'6"%(->*'#-5(-$$ •! 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