University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications in the Biological Sciences Papers in the Biological Sciences 1987 Virus Disease of Small Fruits R. H. Converse United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscifacpub Part of the Agriculture Commons, Fruit Science Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons Converse, R. H., "Virus Disease of Small Fruits" (1987). Faculty Publications in the Biological Sciences. 393. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscifacpub/393 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Papers in the Biological Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications in the Biological Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Dedication The Editorial Committee dedicates this handbook to Dr. Norman W, Frazier Emeritus Professor of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley Emeritus Professor of Nematology, University of California, Davis and Chairman, Editorial Committee, Virus Diseases of Small Fruits and Grapevines, 1970 University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences, BerKeley R. Casper Corvallis, Oregon D. Ramsdell August 1987 R. Stace-Smith R. H. Converse, Chairman Dr. Norman W. Frazier (1907- ) UnitedStates Department of Agriculture Virus Diseases Agricultural Research of Small Fruits Service Agriculture R. H. Converse, Editor Handbook Number 631 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Abstract Preface Converse, R. H., editor, 1987. Virus Diseases of Small Fruits This handbook is concerned with virus and viruslike diseases United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Hand- of cultivated Fragaria, Ribes, Rubus, and Vaccinium and is book No. 631, 277 p., illus. intended to supersede "Virus Diseases of Small Fruits and Grapevines" edited by N. W. Frazier and published in 1970 This illustrated handbook was compiled by international by the University of California Division of Agricultural authorities on virus and viruslike diseases of small fruits. Sciences. This handbook, however, considers only the virus Crops covered are in the plant genera Fragaria (strawberry), and viruslike diseases of strawberry (Fragaria), blueberries Vaccinium (blueberry and cranberry), Ribes (currant and and cranberries (Vaccinium), currants and gooseberries gooseberry), and Rubus (blackberry and raspberry). The (Ribes), and blackberries and raspberries (Rubus). Readers history, geographic distribution, importance, symptoms, interested in the vims and viruslike diseases of grapevines transmission, cause, detection, and control of virus and (Vitis) are directed to the recent review by J. K. Uyemoto et viruslike diseases attacking these crops are discussed. al. 1978, "Grapevine (Vitis) Virus and Virus-Like Diseases," Set 1, 29 p. In O. W. Bamett and S. A. Tolin, editors. Plant Keywords: virus, viruslike disease, small fruit, soft fruit. Virus Slide Series, College of Agricultural Sciences, Fragaria, Vaccinium, Ribes and Rubus, strawberry, blueber- Clemson University, Clemson, S.C. 29631. Many of those ry, cranberry, currant, gooseberry, blackberry, raspberry involved in writing this handbook were also authors in the 1970 handbook. Free use has been made of the 1970 handbook material in preparing this handbook; however, the present authors take full responsibility for their articles. This handbook was prepared under the auspices of the Small Fruit Virus Working Group of the International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS). For most papers in this handbook, reviews of the literature were completed in March 1981. It is the intention of those of us involved in preparing this handbook to provide: 1. Information and illustrations to facilitate the identifica- tion, management, and control of small fruit virus and viruslike diseases of the major small fruit crops. 2. Citations to the important primary literature on these diseases. 3. Notes on major gaps in current knowledge of small fruit virus and viruslike diseases in the hope of encouraging additional needed research. 4. Information on non viral disorders or abnormalities that may mimic or obscure small fruit virus and viruslike diseases. It is the expectation of the Small Fruit Working Group of ISHS that sufficient progress will have been made in the decade following publication of this handbook to warrant a new handbook. Therefore, readers are urged to make suggestions for improvement and to correct obvious errors and omissions in this handbook to the senior editor. I wish to express my thanks and to compliment the many specialists from all over the world who have contributed to this handbook. Their knowledge and hard work and that of the three section editors and Howard Sherman, ARS technical editor, v/ho worked with me have made this handbook possible. R. H. Converse, Chairman Editorial Committee Corvallis, Oreg. VI Contributing authors Meer, F. A. van der. Research Institute for Plant Protection, P.O. Box 42 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netheriands. Adams, A. N. East Mailing Research Station, Maidstone, Mellor, F. C. Canada Agriculture, Research Station, 6660 Kent ME 19 6BJ, England. N.W. Marine Drive, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1X2 Baumann, G. Institut für Obstbau und Gemüsebau der Canada. Universität Bonn, D-5300 Bonn, Federal Republic of Morris, T. J. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Germany. California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720. Casper, R. Biologische Bundesanstalt, Messeweg 11/12, Murant, A. F. Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, D-3300 Braunschweig, Federal Republic of Germany. Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland. Chiykowski, L. N. Chemistry and Biology Research Posnette, A. F. East Mailing Research Station, Maidstone, Institute, Research Branch, Canada Agriculture, Otta- Kent ME 19 6BJ, England. wa, Ontario KIA 0C6, Canada. Ramsdell, D. C. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Converse, R. H. USDA-ARS, Department of Botany and Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich. 48824. Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Richardson, J. Department of Entomology, University of Oreg. 97331. Cahfomia, Berkeley, Calif. 94720. Crandall, P. C. Southwestern Washington Research Unit, Schaefers, G. A. Department of Entomology, New York Washington State University, 1918 N.E. 78th Street, State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y. Vancouver, Wash. 98665. 14456. Engelbrecht, D. J. Plant Protection Research Institute, Schwartze, C. D. Western Washington Research and Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa. Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyal- Frazier, N. W. Division of Nematology, University of lup. Wash. 98371. California, Davis, Calif. 95616 Slack, D. A. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Fulton, J. P. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Ark. 72701. Arkansas, Fayetteville, Ark. 72701. Spiegel, S. Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Greber, R. S. Queensland Department of Primary Industry, Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50-250, Israel. Plant Pathology Branch, Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Stace-Smith, R. Canada Agriculture, Research Station, 6660 Queensland 4068, Australia. N.W. Marine Drive, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1X2, Hancock, J. F. Department of Horticulture, Michigan State Canada. University, East Lansing, Mich. 48824. Stretch, A. W. USDA-ARS, Blueberry and Cranberry Holdeman, Q. L. California Department of Food and Research Center, Rutgers University, Penn State Forest Agriculture, Division of Nursery Services, 1220 N Road, Chats worth, N.J. 08019. Street, Sacramento, Calif. 95814. Sylvester, E. S. Department of Entomology, University of Johnson, H. A. Driscoll Strawberry Associates, Inc., California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720. Research Department, 404 San Juan Road, Watson ville, Tanne, E. Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Calif. 95076. Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50-250, Israel. Jones, A. T. Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Thresh, J. M. East Mailing Research Station, Maidstone, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland. Kent ME 19 6BJ, England. Kim, K. S. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Williams, H. E. (deceased). California Department of Food Arkansas, Fayetteville, Ark. 72701. and Agriculture, Division of Nursery Services, 1220 N Krczal, H. Biologische Bundesanstalt, Institut für Pflanzen- Street, Sacramento, Calif. 95814. schutz im Obstbau, D-6901 Dossenheim, Federal Wills, A. B. Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Republic of Germany. Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland. Leeuw, G. T. N. de. Phytopathological Laboratory Willie Commelin Schölten, Javalaan 20, Baam, The Nether- lands. Lister, R. M. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. 47907. Martin, R. R. Canada Agriculture, Research Station, 6660 N.W. Marine Drive, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1X2 Canada. McGrew, J. R. U.S. Department of Agriculture Fruit Laboratory, BARC-West, Beltsville, Md. 20705. Contents Page Section 1.—Virus and viruslike diseases of Fragaria (strawberry) 1 Introduction. R. H. Converse 1 Detection and elimination of virus and viruslike diseases in strawberry. R. H. Converse 2 Aphid-borne diseases 10 Strawberry mottle. F. C. Mellor and H. Krczal 10 Strawberry vein banding. N. W. Frazier and T. J. Morris 16 Strawberry crinkle. N. W. Frazier, E. S. Sylvester, and J. Richardson 20 Strawberry mild