F_521 _I48_V0L24_N02 Since 1830, the Indiana Historical Society has been Indiana's Storyteller™ connecting people to the past by collecting, preserving, interpreting, and sharing the state's history. A private, nonprofit membership organization, IHS maintains the nation's premier ’ i • research library and archives on the history of Indiana and the Old Northwest and presents a unique set of visitor exhibitions called the Indiana Experience. IHS also provides support and assistance to local museums and historical groups; publishes books and periodicals; sponsors teacher workshops; and provides youth, adult, and family programming. ADMINISTRATION JOHN A. HERBST JEANNE SCHEETS President and CEO Vice President, Marketing STEPHEN L. COX and Public Relations Executive Vice President ANDREW HALTER JEFF MATSUOKA Vice President, Development Vice President, and Membership Business and Operations JENNIFER HIATT Director, Annual Giving and Membership BOARD OF TRUSTEES JERRY O. SEMLER KATHARINE M. KRUSE Indianapolis, Chair Indianapolis R MARTIN LAKE SARAH EVANS BARKER Marion Morgantown, First Vice Chair DANIEL M. LECHLEITER SUSAN JONES-HUFFINE Indianapolis Indianapolis, Second Vice Chair JAMES H. MADISON MICHAEL A. BLICKMAN Bloomington Indianapolis, Secretary EDWARDS. MATTHEWS JAMES C. SHOOK JR. Indianapolis Indianapolis, Treasurer CRAIG M . McKEE THOMAS G. HOBACK Terre Haute Indianapolis, Immediate Past Chair JAMES W. MERRITT JR. WILLIAM E. BARTELT Indianapolis Newburgh JAMES T. MORRIS FRANK M. BASILE Indianapolis Indianapolis JANE NOLAN JOSEPH E. COSTANZA Indianapolis Munster ERSAL OZDEMIR SUE DeWINE Indianapolis Hanover MARGARET COLE RUSSELL WILLIAM BRENT ECKHART Indianapolis Indianapolis WILLIAM N. SALIN SR. RICHARD D. FELDMAN Carmel Indianapolis ROBERT E. SEXTON WANDA Y. FORTUNE Brownsburg Indianapolis JOSEPH A. SLASH JANIS B. FUNK Indianapolis Brownsburg DENNY SPONSEL GARY HENTSCHEL Greenwood Indianapolis LU CAROLE WEST Zionsville TRACES OF INDIANA AND MIDWESTERN HISTORY RAY E. BOOMHOWER EDITORIAL BOARD Senior Editor RICHARD D. FELDMAN Indianapolis, Chair CONTRIBUTING EDITORS JAMES H. MADISON Bloomington, Vice Chair M.TERESA BAER KATHLEEN M. BREEN NANCY NIBLACK BAXTER DOUGLAS E. CLANIN Carmel PAULA J. CORPUZ ALAN A. BOUWKAMP LEIGH DARBEE Fishers WILMA L. MOORE EDWARD E. BREEN Marion DESIGN A’LELIA BUNDLES Washington, D.C. STACY SIMMER Senior Graphic Designer HOWARD C. CALDWELL JR. Indianapolis PHOTOGRAPHY JAMES A. COLES Zionsville SUSAN L.S. SUTTON Coordinator MARGOT LACY ECCLES Indianapolis DAVID TURK WILLIAM BRENT ECKHART Photographer Indianapolis PRINTING WANDA Y. FORTUNE Indianapolis PRINTING PARTNERS RALPH D. GRAY Indianapolis WORLD WIDE WEB R MARTIN LAKE www.indianahistory.org Marion JANE NOLAN Indianapolis ROBERT L. REID Evansville ERIC T. SANDWEISS Bloomington CURT B. WITCHER Fort Wayne Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History (ISSN 1040-788X) is pub­ lished quarterly and distributed as a benefit of membership by the Indiana Historical Society Press; editorial and executive offices, 450 West Ohio Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-3269. Periodicals postage paid at Indianapolis, Indiana; USPS Number 003-275. Liter­ ary contributions: A brochure containing information for contribu­ tions is available upon request. Traces accepts no responsibility for unsolicited manuscripts submitted without return postage. Indiana newspaper publishers may obtain permission to reprint articles by written request to the press. The Press will refer requests from other publishers to the author. ©2012 Indiana Historical Society Press. All rights reserved. Printed on acid-free paper in the United States of America. Postmaster: Please send address changes to Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History, Indiana Historical Society Press, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Indiana History Center, 450 West Ohio Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-3269. Traces is a member of the Conference of Historical Journals. SPRING 2012 CONTENTS TRACES OF INDIANA AND MIDWESTERN HISTORY VOLUME TWENTY-FOUR, NUMBERTWO 2 Front Cover: A detail from Editors’ Page artist Rick Reeves’s painting of “Say Cheese” Thirty-eighth Infantry Division Ray E. Boomhower soldiers moving forward against Japanese opposition during the 4 Battle of Zig Zag Pass on the The Avengers of Bataan Bataan Peninsula, February 1945. The Thirty-Eighth Division in the COURTESY THIRTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY DIVISION ASSOCIATION Philippines During World War II John C. Shively 42 A Hoosier Love Story 14 The Courtship of “A Fair Collection of Josie Chafee and Salem Hammond Interesting Pictures” Frank A. Cassell Charles Cushmans Indiana, 1938-1966 50 Eric Sandweiss Indiana’s Pioneer Lumberwoman 26 Helen Pike Utter Black History Ann Allen News and Notes Art Intersects History: 56 Indiana African American Artists Images of Everyday People: Remembering Martin Luther King Jr. in Indiana Indiana Let the Records Show: Slavery and Involuntary Servitude in Vincennes, Indiana RAY E. BOOMHOWER s a teenager growing up in Misha­ These early darkroom experiments nev­ Our high school’s journalism adviser, Awaka, Indiana, I quickly outgrew a er seemed to turn out as well, perhaps be­ Susan Mojak, however, took one look passing interest in hot rods (realizing I cause of my Soviet Union-made camera or at the photographic samples I showed possessed not even rudimentary mechani­ my inability to correctly read a light meter her and proceeded to do both me and cal skills) for another hobby— photog­ to obtain the proper exposure. I got used the world of photojournalism a favor by raphy. With a paintbrush, a can of black to having my human subjects tap their steering me into another field: writing, paint, and heavy rolls of black plastic, I feet in impatience as I fumbled to set the selecting me as news editor and eventu­ cordoned off a section of the basement proper dials on my camera. Nonetheless, ally editor for the Alltold. She certainly at our home on West Battell Street and in high school I eagerly sought to become, knew her stuff: both of my friends ended built and equipped a darkroom. When it like my two friends Dennis Chamberlin up as professional photographers, Dennis was complete, I attempted to develop and and Dominic Furore, a photographer for as a respected freelancer and contributor print the rolls of Kodak black-and-white the school’s newspaper, the Alltold, and to National Geographic, and Dom with film I had shot with a Kalimar 35mm yearbook, the Miskodeed. Who could resist several magazines over the years. I went on single lens reflex camera. I can still recall having a bird’s-eye view of the action on to a career as a reporter and eventually, as the sharp smell of the chemicals used to the football field or basketball court, or someone whose field is Indiana history. magically make images appear on what prowling the school’s hallways looking for had previously been blank pieces of paper. that unposed human interest shot for the newspaper’s front page? Almost no artifacts remain from my his travels throughout the United States, youthful hobby. The Kalimar is long gone, Mexico, Europe, and the Middle East. lost to memory, and the few photographs Sandweiss, whose article is based on his from that time period are buried away in book on Cushman, The Day in Its Color: boxes somewhere. Today, if I need to take Charles Cushmans Photographic Journey a few snapshots at family events or on through a Vanishing America, notes that vacation, I use a digital camera or even my in spite of his eventual removal from the iPhone. That intimate connection between state of his birth to his adopted home of photographer and the medium is missing; San Francisco, Cushman continued to be technology reigns supreme. All of these drawn back to Indiana, particularly his old memories of my failed photography career stomping grounds in Posey County. Ac­ came streaming back upon reading Eric cording to Sandweiss, Cushman displayed Sandweiss’s article in this issue on Hoosier a knack for capturing an idealized view of amateur photographer Charles Cushman. the Hoosier State that says much about In his lifetime, Cushman had created what his generation’s view of the past, and offers he called “a fair collection of interesting us a glimpse at a vanished landscape and pictures”—more than fourteen thousand what may be an obsolete pastime. • Kodachrome slide transparencies taken on TRACES | Spring 2012 | 3 THE AVENGERS OF BATAAN riving along Indiana 38 on the outskirts of Lafayette looks At the Arcadia Conference between Dlike any other road leading into and out of a typical midwest- Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill of Great Britain, it was agreed ern town. There is an entrance to the Tippecanoe Mall, several strip that Adolf Hitler constituted the greater malls, fast-food restaurants, car dealerships, and many other of the threat to world peace. The combined Al­ usual small businesses that line such roads. I would imagine most lied war effort would, therefore, be focused people who drive along this stretch of road probably have never against Nazi Germany. Until Germany noticed an inconspicuous green sign near U.S. 52; it is easy to miss. could be defeated, a defensive posture would be maintained in the Pacific. There are just three words on it: Bataan Memorial Highway. I am In the evolving scheme of global war, sure those who happen to notice it do not even know that Bataan is coupled with the loss of the Pacific Fleet in a place, much less where it is, and almost certainly no idea why the Hawaii, this in effect rendered the forces road has been so