Site 8. Long Segar, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia Colfer, C., Dennis, R.A., and Applegate, G Site Report September 2000 The underlying causes and impacts of fires in South-east Asia. Site 8. Long Segar, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia by Carol Colfer1, Rona Dennis1, and Grahame Applegate1 1 Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Map design: Rona Dennis Copy editing: Erik Meijaard Corresponding author and contact address: Carol J. Pierce Colfer Center for International Forest Research (CIFOR) PO Box 6596 JKPWB 10065 Jakarta Indonesia Cover photo: Rice field burning in Long Segar (Long Apui) in August 1979 Photo by: Carol Colfer Table of Contents Page No. ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS..............................................................................................................III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..............................................................................................................................V SUMMARY................................................................................................................................................... VI 1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................1 2. SITE DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................................................4 3. METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................................................8 3.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY METHODS....................................................................................................8 3.2 REMOTE SENSING AND GIS................................................................................................................11 3.3 INTEGRATION OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING...................................................................11 4. RESULTS...............................................................................................................................................13 4.1 FIRES ................................................................................................................................................13 4.1.1 Landscape level changes .........................................................................................................13 4.1.1.1 Long Apui ...........................................................................................................................................20 4.1.1.2 Batu Bulan - PT Satu Concession .......................................................................................................29 4.1.1.3 Lepo’ Umit..........................................................................................................................................29 TOTAL ..........................................................................................................................................................32 4.1.1.4 Long Tutung........................................................................................................................................35 LAND COVER CLASS .....................................................................................................................................36 4.1.1.5 PT Akasia Industrial Timber Plantation (HTI)....................................................................................43 4.2 LAND COVER AND LAND USE CHANGES..............................................................................................44 4.2.1 Qualitative landscape level changes .......................................................................................44 4.2.1.1 Long Apui ...........................................................................................................................................45 4.2.1.2 Batu Bulan...........................................................................................................................................47 4.2.1.3 Lepo’ Umit..........................................................................................................................................47 4.2.1.4 Long Tutung........................................................................................................................................48 4.2.1.5 PT Akasia............................................................................................................................................49 4.3 FIRE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES........................................................................................................49 4.3.1 Long Apui................................................................................................................................49 4.3.2 Batu Bulan...............................................................................................................................52 4.3.3 Lepo’ Umit...............................................................................................................................53 4.3.4 Long Tutung............................................................................................................................54 4.3.5 PT Akasia.................................................................................................................................55 4.4 HEALTH IMPACTS ..............................................................................................................................57 5. UNDERLYING CAUSES.....................................................................................................................61 6. POLICY IMPLICATIONS..................................................................................................................74 7. REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................76 APPENDIX I: SOURCES FOR HOT-SPOT DATA .................................................................................84 The Underlying Causes and Impacts of Fires in South-east Asia i Site 8. Long Segar, East Kalimantan Province APPENDIX II: COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS.....................................................................................85 APPENDIX III: COPING STRATEGIES..................................................................................................87 FIGURES: FIGURE 2-1 LOCATION OF STUDY SITE IN RELATION TO BORNEO .....................................................................4 FIGURE 2-2 LOCATION DIAGRAM WITH MAIN LAND USE CATEGORIES AND LAND MARKS IN THE STUDY SITE...5 FIGURE 4-1 MAPS SHOWING CHANGES IN LAND COVER/USE BETWEEN 1990 AND FEBRUARY 1998...............14 FIGURE 4-2 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAND COVER TYPES AND CANOPY DAMAGE BY FIRE.....................18 FIGURE 4-3 MAPS OF LONG APUI’S ESTIMATED TERRITORY, SHOWING LAND COVER (1990 AND FEBRUARY 1998) AND FIRE DAMAGE (MARCH 1998) 21 FIGURE 4-4 THE SCALE OF THE DISASTER FOR LANDSCAPE…………………………………………………..24 FIGURE 4-5 NAVIGATING THE I’UT RIVER NEAR LEPO’ UMIT, WITH TYPICAL VINE REGROWTH IN BACKGROUND……………………………………………………………………………………25 FIGURE 4-6 MAPS OF LEPO’ UMIT’S ESTIMATED TERRITORY, SHOWING LAND COVER (1990 AND FEBRUARY 1998) AND FIRE DAMAGE (MARCH 1998) 31 FIGURE 4-7 RECOVERED GMELINA SP. IN FOREGROUND, BURNED PARASERIANTHES FALCATARIA IN MIDDLE, AND FOREST BEYOND 34 FIGURE 4-8 CHANGES IN LONG TUTUNG LAND USE BETWEEN 1990 AND 1998, INCLUDING AMOUNTS OF FIRE DAMAGE IN MARCH 1998 35 FIGURE 4-9 JAVANESE TRANSMIGRANT BURNING ALANG ALANG BEFORE LAND PREPARATION 38 FIGURE 4-10 KENYAH WOMAN LOOKING FOR FERNS FOR LUNCH 39 FIGURE 4-11 PT SAWIT’S OIL PALM PLANTATION............................................................................................41 TABLE 4-12 CHANGES OVER TIME IN ACCESS TO FOREST PRODUCTS, LONG TUTUNG (UNIT 10 AND UNIT 11 COMBINED) 48 FIGURE 4-13 LONG APUI FIRE BREAK, JULY 1999 ...........................................................................................50 TABLES: TABLE 3-1 NUMBER OF KENYAH HOUSEHOLDS AND STUDY SAMPLES 9 TABLE 4-1 CHANGES IN LAND COVER BETWEEN 1990 AND 1998, IN THE STUDY SITE 15 TABLE 4-2 MATRIX SHOWING THE 1990 LAND COVER CATEGORIES (FIRST COLUMN) CONTRIBUTING TO EACH LAND COVER CATEGORY IN 1998 (ROWS) 16 TABLE 4-3 QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF FIRE DAMAGE IN DIFFERENT LAND COVER CLASSES 20 TABLE 4-4 CHANGES IN LAND USE IN LONG APUI’S ESTIMATED TERRITORY FROM 1990 TO 1998 22 TABLE 4-5 PERCEIVED CAUSES OF FIRE 26 TABLE 4-6 NUMBER OF HECTARES BURNED, BY CROP 28 TABLE 4-7 UNDER-ESTIMATE OF AGROFORESTRY AREA BURNED, LONG APUI AND LONG TUTUNG 29 TABLE 4-8 CHANGES IN LAND USE IN LEPO UMIT’S ESTIMATED TERRITORY FROM 1990 TO 1998 32 TABLE 4-9 CHANGES IN LAND USE IN THE LONG TUTUNG AREA FROM 1990 TO 1998, INCLUDING AMOUNTS OF FIRE DAMAGE IN MARCH 1998 36 TABLE 4-10 CHANGES OVER TIME IN ACCESS TO FOREST PRODUCTS IN LONG APUI 46 TABLE 4-11 CHANGES OVER TIME IN ACCESS TO FOREST PRODUCTS IN LEPO’ UMIT 47 TABLE 4-13 HEALTH PROBLEMS DURING FIRE. LONG APUI, UNIT 10 AND UNIT 11, LONG TUTUNG 58 TABLE 5-1 SCORES ON FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE DANGER IN RESEARCH SITES 72 TABLE III-0-1 CHANGES OVER TIME IN KENYAH COPING STRATEGIES IN LG. APUI 87 TABLE III-0-2 CHANGES OVER TIME IN KENYAH COPING STRATEGIES IN LEPO' UMIT 87 TABLE III-0-3 CHANGES OVER TIME IN KENYAH COPING STRATEGIES IN LG. TUTUNG 88 The Underlying Causes and Impacts of Fires in South-east Asia ii Site 8. Long Segar, East Kalimantan Province ABBREVIATIONS AND