INTERMINISTERIAL GROUP FOR GOVERNMENT COORDINATION OF THE NATIONAL ACTION FRAMEWORK FOR OF SPAIN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY IN TRANSPORT NATIONAL ACTION FRAMEWORK FOR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY IN TRANSPORT MARKET DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS INFRASTRUCTURE. IN COMPLIANCE WITH DIRECTIVE 2014/94/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL, OF 22 OCTOBER 2014. 14 OCTOBER 2016 COORDINATED BY SECRETARIAT-GENERAL FOR INDUSTRY AND SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES PRESIDENCY OF THE INTERMINISTERIAL GROUP INTERMINISTERIAL GROUP FOR GOVERNMENT COORDINATION OF THE NATIONAL ACTION FRAMEWORK FOR OF SPAIN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY IN TRANSPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 9 I.1. PRESENTATION OF DIRECTIVE 2014/94/EU......................................... 9 I.2. BACKGROUND.................................................................................... 10 I.3. PREPARATION OF THE NATIONAL ACTION FRAMEWORK......................... 13 II. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR............................................. 17 II.1. NATURAL GAS.................................................................................... 17 II.2. ELECTRICITY..................................................................................... 21 II.3. LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS.............................................................. 23 II.4. HYDROGEN………………………………………..…………................. 26 II.5. BIOFUELS…………………………………………….………………….. 28 III. ROAD TRANSPORT…………………………………………..………..…………….. 35 III.1. NATURAL GAS…………………………………….……....…………….. 35 III.1.1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION……………………………………………… 35 III.1.2. CURRENT SITUATION…………………………………………………. 37 III.1.3. EXPECTED MARKET DEVELOPMENT AND OBJECTIVES……………… 44 III.2. ELECTRICITY……………………………………………………………. 47 III.2.1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION………………………………….................. 47 III.2.2. CURRENT SITUATION…………………………………….…………… 49 III.2.3. EXPECTED MARKET TRENDS AND OBJECTIVES…………...…………. 59 III.3. LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS………………………………….............. 63 III.3.1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION……………………………………............... 63 III.3.2. CURRENT SITUATION………………………………………............... 65 III.3.3. EXPECTED MARKET TRENDS AND OBJECTIVES……….….................. 70 III.4. HYDROGEN………………………………………………….………….. 70 III.4.1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION……………………………………………… 70 III.4.2. CURRENT SITUATION…………………………………….…............. 73 III.4.3. EXPECTED MARKET TRENDS AND OBJECTIVES………….................. 75 III.5. BIOFUELS…………………………………………………………….…. 76 III.5.1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION……………………………………………… 76 III.5.2. CURRENT SITUATION…………………………………………………. 78 III.5.3. EXPECTED MARKET TRENDS AND OBJECTIVES………………………. 80 III.6. MEASURES AT STATE LEVEL……………………………………………. 81 III.7. MEASURES AT LOCAL AND REGIONAL LEVEL…………………………… 107 IV. MARINE TRANSPORT……………………………………………….……………….. 119 IV.1. NATURAL GAS………………………………………………………....... 119 IV.1.1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION……………………………………………… 119 IV.1.2. CURRENT SITUATION………………………………….……………... 125 IV.1.3. EXPECTED MARKET TRENDS AND OBJECTIVES…………………….… 131 IV.1.4. MEASURES…………………………………………………………… 138 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE I INTERMINISTERIAL GROUP FOR GOVERNMENT COORDINATION OF THE NATIONAL ACTION FRAMEWORK FOR OF SPAIN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY IN TRANSPORT IV.2. ELECTRICITY…………………………………………….……………… 144 IV.2.1. CURRENT SITUATION………………………………….……………… 144 IV.2.2. EXPECTED MARKET TRENDS AND OBJECTIVES………………………. 149 IV.2.3. MEASURES…………………………………….…………………….. 150 V. AIR TRANSPORT……………………………………………………………………… 154 V.1. ELECTRICITY……………………..……………………………………… 154 V.1.1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION…………………………………................... 154 V.1.2. CURRENT SITUATION………………………………..………………… 154 V.1.3. EXPECTED MARKET TRENDS AND OBJECTIVES……..………………… 157 APPENDIX A. BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS AND OTHER ENTITIES THAT HAVE PARTICIPATED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE NATIONAL ACTION FRAMEWORK…………………………….......………… 161 APPENDIX B. EXISTING SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE FOR ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES FOR ROAD 163 TRANSPORT IN SPAIN…………………………………………………………………………………….. APPENDIX C. COLLECTION MEASURES IMPLEMENTED AT REGIONAL LEVEL………................. 195 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE II INTERMINISTERIAL GROUP FOR GOVERNMENT COORDINATION OF THE NATIONAL ACTION FRAMEWORK FOR OF SPAIN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY IN TRANSPORT INDEX OF TABLES TABLE I-1. MAIN APPLICATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY IN EACH METHOD OF TRANSPORT……………… 10 TABLE II-1. APPROXIMATE RANGE OF CNG AND LNG ENGINE RUNNING EXCLUSIVELY ON GAS MODE.. 17 TABLE II-2. DEVELOPMENT OF CONSUMPTION OF LPG IN SPAIN (2010-2015)……………........................ 24 TABLE II-3. DEVELOPMENT OF GROSS PRODUCTION (2011-2015) AND FOREIGN TRADE OF LPG (2010- 25 2015) 35 TABLE III-1. DEVELOPMENT OF ESTIMATED CONSUMPTION OF NATURAL GAS IN ROAD TRANSPORT (2008- 36 2015) TABLE III-2. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF LNG AND CNG VEHICLES…………………………………………. 37 TABLE III-3. DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLEET OF VEHICLES POWERED BY CNG AND LNG (DECEMBER 2012- 38 JUNE 2016)………………………………………………………………………………………… 40 TABLE III-4. DEVELOPMENT OF REGISTRATIONS OF VEHICLES POWERED BY CNG AND LNG (2012- JUNE 2016) TABLE III-5. MODELS OF NATURAL GAS VEHICLES MANUFACTURED IN SPAIN IN SEPTEMBER 2016………… 41 TABLE III-6. MIXED LNG/CNG REFUELLING STATIONS ACCESSIBLE TO THE PUBLIC BY THE PROVINCE IN JUNE 2016……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 42 TABLE III-7. EXCLUSIVE LNG REFUELLING STATIONS ACCESSIBLE TO THE PUBLIC BY PROVINCE IN JUNE 2016……………………………………………………………………………….…………........................... 43 TABLE III-8. EXCLUSIVE CNG REFUELLING STATIONS ACCESSIBLE TO THE PUBLIC BY PROVINCE IN JUNE 2016……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 43 TABLE III-9. NATURAL GAS REFUELLING STATIONS ACCESSIBLE TO THE PUBLIC UNDER CONSTRUCTION OR 44 PENDING OPENING IN JUNE 2016……………………………………………………………..………………… 49 TABLE III-10. OPPORTUNITIES FOR USE OF NATURAL GAS IN ROAD TRANSPORT……………………............... TABLE III-11. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES…………………………..………………….… 50 TABLE III-12. DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLEET OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES (BEV, PHEV AND EREV) (DECEMBER 2011-JUNE 2016)………………………………………………………………………………….................... 51 TABLE III-13. DEVELOPMENT OF REGISTRATIONS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES (BEV, PHEV AND EREV) (2011- 52 UNTIL JUNE 2016)…………………………………………………………………………............................... TABLE III-14. QUAD BIKES AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLES MANUFACTURED IN SPAIN IN SEPTEMBER 2016…… 55 TABLE III-15. RECHARGING POINTS OPERATED BY RECHARGING MANAGERS PRESENTED BY PROVINCE AS OF 55 JULY 1 2016…………………………………………………………………………….……………………… 56 TABLE III-16. RECHARGING POINTS BY TYPE OF LOCATION EXISTING IN JUNE 59 2016………………................. 61 TABLE III-17. RECHARGING POINTS BY AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITY AND PROVINCE EXISTING IN JUNE 64 2016… 65 TABLE III-18. OPPORTUNITIES RELATED TO THE USE OF ELECTRICITY IN ROAD TRANSPORT………..…….….. 66 TABLE III-19. LARGE METROPOLITAN AREAS IN SPAIN……………………………….………………………… TABLE III-20. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF LPG VEHICLES…………………………..…………………………. 67 TABLE III-21. DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLEET OF VEHICLES POWERED BY LPG (DECEMBER 2012-JUNE 2016) TABLE III-22. LPG VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS BY TYPE (2012- UNTIL JUNE 69 2016)…………............................ 69 TABLE III-23. EXISTING LPG REFUELLING STATIONS BY AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITY AND PROVINCE IN JUNE 70 2016……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 73 TABLE III-24. DEVELOPMENT OF THE NUMBER OF LPG REFUELLING STATIONS (DECEMBER 2011- 73 DECEMBER 2015)…………………………………………………………………………………………….… 74 TABLE III-25. SHARE OF LPG REFUELLING STATIONS BY COMPANY JUNE 2016……………………………… 74 TABLE III-26. OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE USE OF LPG IN ROAD TRANSPORT…………………………………… 75 TABLE III-27. FEATURES OF HYDROGEN FUEL CELL VEHICLES (FCEV)……………………..…………………. 76 TABLE III-28. EVOLUTION OF FLEET OF HYDROGEN-POWERED VEHICLES (DECEMBER 2012-JUNE 77 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE III INTERMINISTERIAL GROUP FOR GOVERNMENT COORDINATION OF THE NATIONAL ACTION FRAMEWORK FOR OF SPAIN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY IN TRANSPORT 2016)…… 78 TABLE III-29. EXISTING HYDROGEN REFUELLING STATIONS IN JUNE 79 2016…..………………………………… 80 TABLE III-30. TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EXISTING HYDROGEN REFUELLING STATIONS IN JUNE 2016... 81 TABLE III-31. OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE USE OF HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS IN ROAD TRANSPORT………………. 120 TABLE III-32. TYPICAL VALUES FOR REDUCING GHG EMISSIONS FOR BIOFUELS COMPARED TO 123 CONVENTIONAL FUELS (DIRECTIVE 2009/28, ON THE PROMOTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY)………………… TABLE III-33. ILUC EMISSIONS OF FIRST-GENERATION BIOFUELS (DIRECTIVE 2015/1315)………………...... 127 TABLE III-34. FEATURES OF VEHICLES USING BIOFUELS……………………………………………………….. 128 TABLE III-35. POSSIBLE BLENDS OF BIOFUELS USED IN MOTOR VEHICLES…………………………………... 130 TABLE III-36. OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE USE OF BIOFUELS FOR ROAD TRANSPORT………………………….… TABLE III-37. MARKET DEVELOPMENT UNTIL 2020 ACCORDING TO THE MANDATORY MINIMUM TARGETS FOR 135 BIOFUELS………………………………………………………………………........................................... TABLE IV-1. STATE-OWNED PORT SYSTEM AND MEMBERSHIP OF THE TRANS-EUROPEAN NETWORK (TEN-T) 137 TABLE IV-2. COMPARISON OF AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES FOR COMPLIANCE WITH THE SOX EMISSION LIMIT 138 TABLE IV-3. AID FOR R & D RELATED TO LNG GRANTED TO SHIPYARDS…………………………………... TABLE IV-4. LNG SUPPLY OPERATIONS TO SHIPS BY SPANISH TRADERS PERFORMED UNTIL OCTOBER 2015.. 138 TABLE IV-5. FEATURES OF FOUR POSSIBLE SYSTEMS FOR LNG SUPPLY TO VESSELS…………………….. 139 TABLE IV-6. LNG REFUELLING INFRASTRUCTURE IN EXISTING AND PILOT IMPLEMENTATION PHASE IN SPANISH 144 PORTS……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 146 TABLE IV-7. TARGET LNG REFUELLING POINTS AT PORTS OF THE CORE NETWORK OF THE TEN-T.