Final Report Project Code 2010EM04 Analysing Sustainable Urban Transport: A City level Modelling Approach Prepared for Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Analysing Sustainable Urban Transport: A City level Modelling Approach © The Energy and Resources Institute 2014 Suggested format for citation T E R I. 2014 Analysing Sustainable Urban Transport: A City level Modelling Approach New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute. 109 pp. [Project Report No. 2010EM04] For more information Project Monitoring Cell T E R I Tel. 2468 2100 or 2468 2111 Darbari Seth Block E-mail [email protected] IHC Complex, Lodhi Road Fax 2468 2144 or 2468 2145 New Delhi – 110 003 Web www.teriin.org India India +91 • Delhi (0)11 ii Analysing Sustainable Urban Transport: A City level Modelling Approach Project Team Advisors Mr. Shri Prakash Dr. Ritu Mathur Research Team Dr. Atul Kumar (PI) Ms. Priyamvada Kayal (Co-PI) Dr. Ritu Singh Ms. Namita Khurana Mr. Rishu Kumar Ms. Megha Kumar Ms. Seema Singh Ms. Akshima T. Ghate Mr. Sumit Sharma Mr. R. Suresh Ms. C. Sita Lakshmi iii Analysing Sustainable Urban Transport: A City level Modelling Approach Table of Contents PROJECT TEAM ............................................................................................................................. III LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................... VII LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................... X EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 1 1 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE ........................................................................................................... 3 2 LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Rationale and Background .......................................................................................... 5 2.2 Land Use and Transport Interaction .......................................................................... 6 2.3 Institutional Inefficiencies and Policy Measures ....................................................... 8 2.4 Land Use and Transport: Crisis in Global South ..................................................... 10 2.5 Sustainable Urban Mobility and India ..................................................................... 11 2.5.1 Sustainability and Transport....................................................................... 11 2.5.2 Transport and Safety ................................................................................... 12 3 FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY .................................................................................... 13 3.1 Framework Approach ............................................................................................... 14 3.1.1 Indicators ...................................................................................................... 14 3.2 Data Collection ........................................................................................................... 17 3.3 City Selection .............................................................................................................. 19 3.4 Limitation ................................................................................................................... 20 4 DEFINING SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITY ...................................................................... 23 4.1 Accessibility and Mobility ......................................................................................... 23 4.2 Sustainability and Mobility+ ..................................................................................... 24 4.3 Defining Sustainable Urban Mobility ....................................................................... 25 4.3.1 Existing Definitions ..................................................................................... 25 4.3.2 Sustainable mobility: A broader concept ................................................... 26 4.3.3 Issues of urban transport which should be taken into account ................ 27 4.4 Proposed definition ................................................................................................... 27 5 ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DATA .............................................................. 29 5.1 Background ................................................................................................................ 29 5.2 Jurisdictional Distribution of Land and Study Area ............................................... 29 5.3 Demographic Profile .................................................................................................. 30 5.4 Density ........................................................................................................................ 31 5.5 Literacy Rate ............................................................................................................... 33 5.6 Economic Profile ........................................................................................................ 33 5.7 Land Use Distribution ............................................................................................... 34 5.8 Land Use Change ....................................................................................................... 38 5.9 Transport .................................................................................................................... 39 5.9.1 Road Infrastructure ..................................................................................... 39 5.9.2 Vehicular Growth ........................................................................................ 40 5.9.3 Existing Transport Issues ............................................................................ 41 5.10 Travel Characteristics .......................................................................................... 41 5.11 Per Capita Trip Rate (PCTR) ............................................................................... 42 5.12 Mode Share .......................................................................................................... 42 5.13 Daily Trips of Patna ............................................................................................. 43 5.14 Trip Distribution .................................................................................................. 44 5.15 Mode Share (Purpose Wise) ................................................................................ 46 5.16 Mode Share: Gender Analysis ............................................................................ 47 5.17 Mode Preference .................................................................................................. 48 5.18 Transit Accessibility ............................................................................................ 49 5.19 Average Trip Length and Average Travel Time ............................................... 51 5.20 Average Trip Length and Average Travel Time (Purpose and Income Wise) 51 5.20.1 Slum Population .......................................................................................... 51 5.20.2 Non-Slum Population .................................................................................. 52 v Analysing Sustainable Urban Transport: A City level Modelling Approach 5.21 Travel Expenditure .............................................................................................. 53 5.22 Infrastructure Availability .................................................................................. 54 5.22.1 Footpath ........................................................................................................ 54 5.22.2 Patna Metro .................................................................................................. 55 5.22.3 Parking ......................................................................................................... 55 5.23 Trip Assignment .................................................................................................. 56 5.24 Safety Indicator .................................................................................................... 59 5.25 Security Indicator ................................................................................................. 59 5.26 Congestion Indicator ........................................................................................... 59 5.27 Environmental Indicators ................................................................................... 60 5.27.1 Fuel Consumption ....................................................................................... 62 5.27.2 Emission Inventory ...................................................................................... 63 5.27.3 Air Quality Analysis .................................................................................... 68 6 MOVING FORWARD .............................................................................................................. 73 6.1 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 73 6.2 Recommendation 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