EC Regulation 854/2004 CLASSIFICATION OF BIVALVE MOLLUSC PRODUCTION AREAS IN ENGLAND AND WALES SANITARY SURVEY REPORT Dovey Estuary (Wales) 2010 SANITARY SURVEY REPORT DOVEY ESTUARY Cover photo: Mussel bed No 3 at Aberdovey. CONTACTS: For enquires relating to this report or For enquires relating to policy matters further information on the on the implementation of sanitary implementation of sanitary surveys in surveys in England and Wales: England and Wales: Simon Kershaw/Carlos Campos Linden Jack Food Safety Group Hygiene & Microbiology Division Cefas Weymouth Laboratory Food Standards Agency Barrack Road, Aviation House The Nothe 125 Kingsway WEYMOUTH LONDON Dorset WC2B 6NH DT43 8UB +44 (0) 1305 206600 +44 (0) 20 7276 8955 [email protected] [email protected] © Crown copyright, 2010. 2 Mytilus spp. at Aberdovey SANITARY SURVEY REPORT DOVEY ESTUARY STATEMENT OF USE: This report provides information from a study of the information available relevant to perform a sanitary survey of bivalve mollusc classification zones in the Dovey Estuary. Its primary purpose is to demonstrate compliance with the requirements for classification of bivalve mollusc production areas, determined in EC Regulation 854/2004 laying down specific rules for the organisation of official controls on products of animal origin intended for human consumption. The Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas) undertook this work on behalf of the Food Standards Agency (FSA). DISSEMINATION: Food Standards Agency, Gwynedd Council, Environment Agency, North Western and North Wales Sea Fisheries Committee. 3 Mytilus spp. at Aberdovey SANITARY SURVEY REPORT DOVEY ESTUARY CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION 2. SHELLFISHERY 3. OVERALL ASSESSMENT 4. RECOMMENDATIONS 5. SAMPLING PLAN APPENDICES I. Human population: density and activities II. Hydrometric data: rainfall III. Hydrometric data: freshwater inputs IV. Hydrographic data: bathymetry V. Hydrodynamic data: tides and tidal currents VI. Meteorological data: wind pattern VII. Sources and variation of microbiological pollution: sewage discharges VIII. Sources and variation of microbiological pollution: boats IX. Sources and variation of microbiological pollution: agriculture X. Sources and variation of microbiological pollution: wildlife XI. Microbiological data: water XII. Microbiological data: shellfish flesh XIII. Shoreline survey XIV. Bacteriological survey References List of Abbreviations Glossary Acknowledgements 4 Mytilus spp. at Aberdovey SANITARY SURVEY REPORT DOVEY ESTUARY 1. INTRODUCTION LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENT Filter feeding, bivalve molluscan shellfish (e.g. cockles, mussels and oysters) retain and accumulate a variety of microorganisms from their natural environments. Since filter feeding promotes retention and accumulation of these microorganisms, the microbiological safety of bivalves for human consumption depends heavily on the quality of the waters from which they are taken. When consumed raw or lightly cooked, bivalves contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms may cause infectious diseases (e.g. Norovirus-associated gastroenteritis, Hepatitis A and Salmonellosis) in humans. In England and Wales, fish and shellfish constitute the fourth most reported food item causing infectious disease outbreaks in humans after poultry, red meat and desserts (Hughes et al., 2007) The risk of contamination of bivalve molluscs with pathogens is assessed through the microbiological monitoring of bivalves. This assessment results in the classification of BMPAs, which determines the level of treatment (e.g. purification, relaying, cooking) required before human consumption of bivalves (Lee and Younger, 2002). Under EC Regulation 854/2004 laying down specific rules for the organisation of official controls on products of animal origin intended for human consumption, sanitary surveys of BMPAs and their associated hydrological catchments and coastal waters are required in order to establish the appropriate representative monitoring points (RMPs) for the monitoring programme. The Centre for Environment Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas) is performing sanitary surveys for new BMPAs in England and Wales, on behalf of the Food Standards Agency (FSA). The purposes of the sanitary surveys are to demonstrate compliance with the requirements stated in Annex II (Chapter II paragraph 6) of EC Regulation 854/2004, whereby ‘if the competent authority decides in principle to classify a production or relay area it must: (a) make an inventory of the sources of pollution of human or animal origin likely to be a source of contamination for the production area; (b) examine the quantities of organic pollutants which are released during the different periods of the year, according to the seasonal variations of both human and animal populations in the catchment area, rainfall readings, waste-water treatment, etc.; (c) determine the characteristics of the circulation of pollutants by virtue of current patterns, bathymetry and the tidal cycle in the production area; and 5 Mytilus spp. at Aberdovey SANITARY SURVEY REPORT DOVEY ESTUARY (d) establish a sampling programme of bivalve molluscs in the production area which is based on the examination of established data, and with a number of samples, a geographical distribution of the sampling points and a sampling frequency which must ensure that the results of the analysis are as representative as possible for the area considered.’ EC Regulation 854/2004 also specifies the use of Escherichia coli as an indicator of microbiological contamination in bivalves. This bacterium is present in animal and human faeces in large numbers and is therefore indicative of contamination of faecal origin. In addition to better targeting the location of RMPs and frequency of sampling for microbiological monitoring, it is believed that the sanitary survey may serve to help to target future water quality improvements and improve analysis of their effects on BMPAs. Improved monitoring should lead to improved detection of pollution events and identification of the likely sources of pollution. Remedial action may then be possible either through funding of improvements in point sources of contamination or as a result of changes in land management practices. This sanitary survey was prompted by three applications for microbiological monitoring and classification of wild mussels (Mytilus spp.) at Aberdovey (Dovey Estuary) bivalve mollusc production area (BMPA), in the west coast of Wales. The assessment is supported by published relevant information for the Dovey Estuary area together with new information obtained from a shoreline and a bacteriological survey. The results of the desk study and shoreline surveys are drawn together in an overall assessment of the potential sources of pollution likely to impact on the levels of microbiological contamination for bivalve mollusc classification zones (CZs). The sampling plan includes the recommended boundaries of CZs, locations of representative monitoring points (RMPs) and sampling frequency. 6 Mytilus spp. at Aberdovey SANITARY SURVEY REPORT DOVEY ESTUARY SITE DESCRIPTION DOVEY/DYFI ESTUARY The Dovey Estuary is located in the coast of western Wales. The estuary is broad, shallow and fringed by exposed rock. Steep slopes dominate along the northern shores, whilst flat land dominates along the southern shores of the estuary. The main channel is 19.6km long, 2.4km wide near Aberdovey and follows the northern side of the estuary tapering in the upper reaches of the estuary to less than 1.6km. The shoreline forms a funnel-shape, which is restricted at the mouth by a beach-spit exposed to the west (Figure 1.1). The spit extends from the southern side of the estuary for several kilometres and is protected by groynes (Halcrow Group Ltd., 2003). The groyne creates a narrow channel of approximately 0.35km at its widest point (ABPmer and Wallingford, 2007). Figure 1.1 Aerial view of the Dovey Estuary. Reproduced under licence Google EarthTM mapping service. The lower estuary contains extensive intertidal sandflats and mudflats. The upper reaches contain extensive areas of saltmarsh (approximately 431ha) fringing the shores (Boorman, 2003) and extensive areas of reclaimed land. 7 Mytilus spp. at Aberdovey SANITARY SURVEY REPORT DOVEY ESTUARY Saltmarsh contributes significantly to pollution control and water quality through nutrient cycling (e.g. nitrogen and phosphorous release during decomposition of organic matter) and sediment retention (e.g. adsorption of pollutants onto sediment particles) (see Adnitt et al., in press). The morphological characteristics of the Dovey Estuary are summarised in Table 1.1. The Dovey is a medium-length estuary in which the partial closure of its mouth results in shallow depths and high velocities and the development of flood and ebb delta lobes (HR Wallingford et al., 2007). Table 1.1 Morphological characteristics of the Dovey Estuary. Geomorphological classification Bar Built (spit enclosed) Shoreline length (km) 52.2 Core area (ha) 1,954 Intertidal area (ha) 1,524 Data compiled from the Estuary Guide (ABPmer and Wallingford, 2008) CATCHMENT Pollution from two river catchments (total area = 471km2) is drained to the estuary through a complex river network (Figure 1.2). Figure 1.2 Location of the Dovey/Dyfi Estuary and its river catchments. These river catchments flow into Cardigan Bay, which is a Special Area of Conservation (SAC), designated under the EC Habitats Directive on the conservation of