255 Baboon 256 flood, and afterlife) stemmed from Babylon as the Elamites. When Jesus extolled the Good Samaritan purer source of these biblical parallels (Lehmann: in Luke 10 : 36, Delitzsch saw Jesus as extolling the 85). This even extended to monotheism, which was “Babylonians” who were more neighborly and ac- not Mosaic in origin. The North(west) Semitic tribes cepting than the Jews who he claimed excluded (Amorites) around the time of Hammurabi had others. In this lecture, Jesus of Galilee approximates worshipped a single deity E¯ l, which Delitzsch the Aryan Jesus who transcends Jewish nationalism; translated “the [solitary] goal” (Lehmann: 89). They this latter claim would be more explicit in his two- had also worshipped a deity Yahweh, which De- volume The Great Deception (1920/21). For Delitzsch litzsch had found in several Old Babylonian names, this “Great Deception” was the OT. such as “Yahweh is E¯ l.” A thousand years later the Bibliography: ■ Arnold, B. T./D. B. Weisberg, “A Centen- Israelites were to adopt this god when they entered nial Review of Friedrich Delitzsch’s ‘Babel und Bibel’ Lec- Canaan, which Delitzsch maintained was culturally tures,” JBL 121 (2002) 441–57. ■ Chavalas, M. W., “Assyri- Mesopotamian (Lehmann: 90). Thereafter, this pure ology and Biblical Studies: A Century of Tension,” in inherited idea of a single god became corrupted by Mesopotamia and the Bible: Comparative Explorations (eds. M. W. crude anthropomorphisms and even by Israelite Chavalas et al.; Grand Rapids, Mich. 2002) 21–67. ■ Hollo- “particularism.” Eventually it was to return to its way, S. W., Aššur is King! Aššur is King! Religion in the Exercise of Power in the Neo-Assyrian Empire (CHANE 10; Leiden et al. original clarity through the efforts of the prophets, 2002). ■ Huffmon, H. B., “Babel und Bibel: The Encounter psalmists, and especially of Jesus. between Babylon and the Bible,” Michigan Quarterly Review Delitzsch’s German nationalism surfaced when 22 (1983) 309–20. ■ Larsen, M. T., “The ‘Babel/Bible’ Con- he accepted A. Billerbeck’s observation of a por- troversy and Its Aftermath,” in Civilizations of the Ancient Near trayal of Ashurbanipal’s wife as “a blond-hair prin- East, vol. 1 (ed. J. M. Sasson; New York 1995) 95–106. cess of Aryan blood” (Lehmann: 83). ■ Lehmann, R. G., Friedrich Delitzsch und der Babel-Bibel-Streit (OBO 133; Freiburg 1994). 2. Second Lecture (Singakademie on January 12, Michael B. Dick 1903). Delitzsch’s second lecture – in the presence of both the emperor, Wilhelm II, and the empress – See also /Delitzsch, Friedrich; /Pan-Babylonian- developed the implications of his earlier lecture. ism Here Delitzsch challenged both the Old Testa- ment’s claim as an “original revelation” as well as the uniqueness of its ethical monotheism. Delitzsch Baboon argued that both of these were being used to insu- /Ape late the OT from the impact of any Assyriological data. This address focused on denigrating the theol- ogy of the OT, which when compared with Babylon Baby often came out inferior. The Old Testament’s laws /Child, Children; /Infant, Infancy were of human origin and character, and thus de- served no privileged status (Lehmann: 180). Its “ethical monotheism” was tainted by its “national- Babylon istic exclusivism” (Lehmann: 183). The OT should not obligate modern German Christians (Lehmann: I. Archaeology 185–91, 244); it was of more interest as evidence of II. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament III. Judaism a stage in the history of religions than for its bind- IV. New Testament ing theology. Henceforth Delitzsch was emerging V. Christianity as more a theologian than an Assyriologist. VI. New Religious Movements 3. Third Lecture (Barmen and Köln on October VII. Literature 27–28, 1904). The Kaiser was not supportive of De- VIII. Visual Arts litzsch’s second lecture; Delitzsch was admonished IX. Music X. Film to stick to Assyriology and not to deviate into theol- ogy and Christology. Thus, his third lecture was not delivered in Berlin but before literary societies in I. Archaeology Barmen and Köln. In this final lecture, Delitzsch That the site of Babylon was inhabited in very an- made more explicit some of his positions only cient times is proved by archaeological finds dating hinted at up to this point. From the outset of his back as far as the 4th millennium BCE. It was only third lecture, the OT has now become “the old He- under Hammurabi and his successors, however, braic Literature.” The population of Galilee and Sa- that Babylon effectively became a capital city. It maria had become mixed after its 8th-century BCE consisted of two quarters, west and east, which Assyrian conquest; thus, many of its “Babylonian” were situated on either side of the Arahtu, a second- inhabitants were of Aryan stock (Lehmann: 252). ary branch of the river Euphrates. The archaeologi- The Babylonians had previously become “mixed” cal layers of this first great period, however, are cov- by the influences of the non-Semitic Sumerians and ered by the water table, and scientists have been Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception vol. 3 Authenticated | [email protected] © Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, 2011 Download Date | 1/19/19 3:55 PM 257 Babylon 258 able to reach them only in the quarter of Merkès, The religious quarter, situated in the central where parts of dwellings of the late Paleo-Babylo- part of the city on the river Euphrates, connected nian era have been found. Esagila, the temple of Marduk, with the ziggurat of The construction of the first rampart was un- Etemenanki. Under Nebuchadnezzar II, the latter dertaken by Hammurabi’s predecessors. The city reached its maximal height of 90 meters. It seems wall of the western quarter reached its quasi-final to have been erected in the course of the 12th cen- limits under the kings of the 2nd Dynasty of Isin tury BCE, though there may have been an even in the 12th century BCE. It constituted two parallel older, multi-story tower. New analyses of the cor- walls whose names, Imgur-Enlil and Nemetti-Enlil, pus of finds brought to light by German excavation were borrowed from the city of Nippur. The wall teams have proved that the lower levels, excavated had to be restored on several occasions, was demol- by R. Koldewey and his colleagues, were indeed too ished by Sennacherib in 689 BCE, and was rebuilt deep to originate from the Neo-Babylonian period by his son Esarhaddon. It received its final colossal (7th–6th cent. BCE). dimensions from the Neo-Babylonian kings of the Of the enormous complex of the Esagila temple, 7th century BCE, Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnez- which Hammurabi’s predecessors began to build, zar II, who provided it with a surrounding moat only the later stage of the late 1st millennium BCE that was itself protected by a triple wall. Nebuchad- is known. It has been excavated only in part and nezzar II added another external wall from the thus remains unexplored to a large extent. It com- summer palace to the riverbank of the Euphrates, prised several courtyards and a central complex south of the city, protecting a large agricultural area which was dedicated to Marduk and his consort that could be used whenever the city was being be- Sarpanitu. The cult complex of Esagila and Eteme- sieged. nanki was the largest, but certainly not the only one There were several monumental gates to the in- in the city. According to the lexical lists, Babylon ner city, the most famous being the Ishtar Gate on would have had more than 43 temples, some of the north side of the city. For the 7th century BCE which had been built in the course of the 2nd mil- alone, three distinct layers have been identified: the lennium BCE and dedicated to the deities of the underlying part was decorated with panels of baked traditional Sumer-Akkadian pantheon, e.g., Nanna/ cast bricks representing bulls and dragons, while Sîn or Utu/Shamash. When the cities in southern the overlying part showed the same adornment, Mesopotamia were abandoned after the 17th cen- though on enameled relief bricks. The gate seems tury BCE, Babylon inherited some of their tutelary to have reached a total height of 15 meters. gods and started erecting temples for them as well. Through the Ishtar Gate and into the city of Baby- As Marduk grew to be the king of the gods in the lon ran the great processional way called Ay-ibur- second half of the 2nd millennium BCE, a consider- shabû, where the cultic New Year processions took able number of gods would have had a particular place. Running along a north-south axis, the pro- chapel within the Esagila temple, where services cessional way led to the temple of Marduk. It was similar to the ones of the palace courtiers could be connected to another processional way in the south, held. In the accessible areas, German and Iraqi exca- allowing access to the statue of the god Nabu of vations have discovered six temples (Ninmah, Ishtar Borsippa in the temple of his father, Marduk. The great palace, rebuilt and extended by Nabo- of Akkad, Nabu, Ashratum, Ninurta, and Ishara). polassar and in particular by Nebuchadnezzar II, Many others, however, have not been found, in- was situated north of the main quarter of the city. cluding all the ones in the western quarter. Separated from the city by an inner wall, the palace In the southern part of the city, the hill of Ishan practically constituted an independent entity. Its Aswad covers the ancient quarter of Shu-anna. Nar- southern part, the most ancient one, comprised row trenches have made it possible to recognize re- more than 200 rooms organized in five units cen- mains of dwellings.