WODC 257 Onderzoek en beleid Criminal Victimisation in International Perspective Key findings from the 2004-2005 ICVS and EU ICS Jan van Dijk John van Kesteren Paul Smit Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Documentatiecentrum Criminal Victimisation in International Perspective 257 Onderzoek en beleid Criminal Victimisation in International Perspective Key findings from the 2004-2005 ICVS and EU ICS Jan van Dijk John van Kesteren Paul Smit Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Documentatiecentrum Onderzoek en beleid De reeks Onderzoek en beleid omvat de rapporten van onderzoek dat door en in opdracht van het WODC is verricht. Opname in de reeks betekent niet dat de inhoud van de rapporten het standpunt van de Minister van Justitie weergeeft. This report has been produced in cooperation with the United Nations Offi ce on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI). 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Op www.wodc.nl is ook nadere informatie te vinden over andere WODC-publicaties. © 2007 WODC Behoudens de in of krachtens de Auteurswet van 1912 gestelde uitzonderingen mag niets uit deze uitgave worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen of enige andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. Voor zover het maken van reprografische verveelvoudigingen uit deze uitgave is toegestaan op grond van artikel 16h Auteurswet 1912 dient men de daarvoor wettelijk verschuldigde vergoedingen te voldoen aan de Stichting Reprorecht (Postbus 3060, 2130 KB Hoofddorp, www.reprorecht.nl). Voor het overnemen van (een) gedeelte(n) uit deze uitgave in bloem-lez- ingen, readers en andere compilatiewerken (art. 16 Auteurswet 1912) kan men zich wenden tot de Stichting PRO (Stichting Publicatie- en Reproductierechten Organisatie, Postbus 3060, 2130 KB Hoofddorp, www.cedar.nl/pro). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means without written permission from the publisher. ISBN 978 90 5454 965 9 NUR 820 Preface The International Crime Victims Survey became operational in 1989. The main object was to seek advancement in international comparative crimi- nological research, beyond the constraints of officially recorded crime data. The next sweeps of the ICVS surveys took place in 1992, 1996 and 2000. With its fifth sweep in 2005 the initiative has developed into a truly unique global project. Over a time span of fifteen years more than 300,000 people were interviewed about their experiences with victimisation and related subjects in 78 different countries. This report describes the 2004 – 2005 sweep of surveys in 30 countries and 33 capital or main cities and compares results with those of earlier sweeps. A large portion of the latest data in this report comes from the European Survey on Crime and Safety (EU ICS), organised by a consortium lead by Gallup Europe, co-financed by the European Commission’s Directorate General for Research and Technology Development. The ICVS is the most comprehensive instrument developed yet to monitor and study volume crimes, perception of crime and attitudes towards the criminal justice system in a comparative, international perspective. The data are from surveys amongst the general public and therefore not influ- enced by political or ideological agendas of governments of individual countries. Standardisation of questionnaires used and other aspects of data collection assure that data can, within confidence margins, be reli- ably compared across countries. Independent reviews have attested to the comparability of ICVS results (e.g. Lynch, 2006). The ICVS started in 1989 in 14 industrialised countries. City surveys were also piloted in Warsaw, Poland and Surabaya, Indonesia. Already in the second sweep coverage was enlarged by including several countries in Eastern Central Europe. Fieldwork in some of these countries was funded by the Ministry for Development Aid of the Netherlands. For these coun- tries the project played a part in the process of modernising criminal justice systems after Western European models. Many of those countries have now become part of the European Union. Where most industrialised countries have a long tradition of publishing statistics on police-recorded crime, in many developing countries crime data are either fragmented, of poor quality or not available to the public. Crime victim surveys in these countries, although restricted to the capital or main cities, is often the only available source of statistical information on crime and victimisation. Internationally comparable crime victim surveys not only serve policy purposes but make data available that can be used by researchers inter- ested in crime in a comparative context, including in developing coun- tries from different regions of the world. It should be noted, however, that 6 Criminal Victimisation in International Perspective most of the resources and interest for victim surveys are still concentrated in the industrialised world, thus the available information covered by this report predominantly originates from European countries. Acknowledgments The ICVS 2004-05 involved a huge collaborative effort. The authors wish to express their sincere thanks to all people who, at any stage, contributed to this endeavour. Thanks go in the first place to the interviewers who spent weeks on the phone or walked through cities knocking on doors and interviewing people face to face, as well as supervisors, data clerks, statis- ticians and other people involved in the fieldwork. Beyond the most prominent organisations and people involved in the ICVS 2004-05 and all those who contributed their data, who get full recognition in the introductory chapter of this report, the authors wish to acknowledge a few who deserve special credit. Martin Killias, one of the founding fathers of the ICVS; Pat Mayhew, a driving force from the first moment (it is the first time she is not co- authoring the key results of the ICVS); Directors and staff members of the United Nations Interregional Criminal Justice Research Institute in Turin, Italy, for their continued support to the ICVS; Mariano Ciafardini and Daniel Fernández from the Argentinean Ministry of Justice, who not only carried out their own surveys but gave tremendous support to the researchers who conducted ICVS-based crime surveys elsewhere in Latin America; Beaty Naudé and Johan Prinsloo from the Institute for Crimi- nological Sciences, University of South Africa in Pretoria, for their ICVS related work in the Southern African region; Roderic Broadhurst, current- ly with the Queensland University of Technology, who funded and coordi- nated the survey in Hong Kong and conducted two surveys in Cambodia. Furthermore the authors wish to thank various colleagues working for agencies in the United Kingdom, Finland, the Netherlands, USA, Poland, Estonia, Australia and Canada for their continuing support, which gave the ICVS the opportunity to collect comparable and reliable data on trends in actual crime and related issues that have not been collected before. Finally, many thanks to the reviewers of an earlier draft for their frank and very helpful criticisms. Contents Preface 5 Acknowledgments 7 Summary 11 1 Introduction 21 1.1 Background to the International Crime Victims Survey 21 1.2 Methodology of the ICVS 2005 23 2 Victimisation by any common crime 41 2.1 Overall victimisation levels in 2003/04 42 2.3 Trends in overall victimisation 46 3 Victimisation by vehicle related crimes 49 3.1 Theft of cars 49 3.2 Thefts from or out of cars 53 3.3 Motorcycle theft 56 3.4 Bicycle theft 60 4 Victimisation by burglary and other theft 65 4.1 Burglary with entry 65 4.2 Theft of personal property and pickpocketing 70 5 Victimisation by contact crimes 73 5.1 Robbery 73 5.2 Sexual offences 76 5.3 Assaults & threats 79 6 Victimisation by non-conventional crimes 85 6.1 Consumer fraud 85 6.2 Corruption 88 6.3 Hate crimes in the European Union 92 6.4 Exposure to drug-related problems in developed countries 95 7 Victimisation trends 99 7.1 Property crimes 100 7.2 Contact crimes and theft of personal property 101 7.3 Trend patterns 101 7.4 Trends in context 102 10 Criminal Victimisation in International Perspective 8 Victimisation and police recorded crime 105 9 Reporting crimes to the police and victim satisfaction 109 9.1 Reporting to the police 109 9.2 Victim’s satisfaction with the police response 113 10 Victim support 119 10.1 Victims receiving support 119 10.2 Victims wanting victim support 122 10.3 Take up rates of victim support 124 11 Fear of crime 127 11.1 The likelihood of burglary 127 11.2 Relationship with national burglary risks and victimisation experience 128 11.3 Feelings of safety on the streets 130 11.4 Relationship