DOI Number: 10.5958/0976-5506.2018.00210.3 Anti-inflammatory Effects and Other Uses of Cyclamen Species: A Review Ghaidaa Jihadi Mohammed1, Imad Hadi Hameed2, Sabreen A. Kamal3 1Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Hillah city, Iraq; 2Biomedical Science Department, University of Babylon, College of Nursing, Hillah city, Iraq; 3Department of Biology, College of Science for women, University of Babylon, Hillah city, Iraq ABSTRACT Cyclamen was traditionally classified in the family Primulaceae, was reclassified in the subfamily Myrsinoideae within the family Primulaceae. The aqueous extract obtained from the Cyclamen europaeum root-tuber is rich in saponins. These substances are known for their surfactant activity, which means they are adsorbed through the nasal mucosa without being absorbed into the bloodstream. The action of cyclamen extract is local, and it is never absorbed into the bloodstream, so there are no known medication interactions associated with it. This product can be prescribed both as a monotherapy and, if needed, in combined therapy with other medications for treating rhinosinusitis. These include antibiotics, corticosteroids and antihistamines. If use of another nasal spray is required, waiting 2 hours between the two products is recommended. The surfactant action of the cyclamen saponins on the nasal mucosa reduces surface tension, facilitating humidification of the zone in addition to the secretion of mucin by goblet cells. This fluidifies the mucous accumulated in the nasal cavity, facilitating its elimination and thereby relieving congestion. Keyword: Cyclamen, species, Anti-inflammatory, Bioactive compounds, Applications. INTRODUCTION Cyclamen creticum, Cyclamen cyprium, Cyclamen elegans, Cyclamen graecum, Cyclamen hederifolium, Cyclamen is Medieval Latin, from earlier Latin Cyclamen intaminatum, Cyclamen libanoticum, cyclamīnos, because of the round tuber. In English, the Cyclamen mirabile, Cyclamen parviflorum, Cyclamen species of the genus are commonly called by the genus persicum, Cyclamen pseudibericum, Cyclamen 1-9 name . Is a genus of 23 species of perennial flowering purpurascens, Cyclamen repandum, Cyclamen rhodium, 10-26 plants in the family Primulaceae . Cyclamen species Cyclamen rohlfsianum, and Cyclamen somalense. In are native to Europe and the Mediterranean Basin east many languages26-34, cyclamen species are colloquially to Iran, with one species in Somalia. They grow from called by a name like the English sowbread, because tubers and are valued for their flowers with upswept they are said to be eaten by pigs: pain de pourceau in petals and variably patterned leaves. Species: Cyclamen French, pan porcino in Italian, varkensbrood in Dutch, africanum, Cyclamen abchasicum, Cyclamen alpinum, “pigs’ manjū” in Japanese. In addition, the saponins Cyclamen balearicum, Cyclamen cilicium, Cyclamen stimulate the sensitive receptors present in the nasal colchicum, Cyclamen confusum, Cyclamen coum, mucosa, inducing a nociceptive response transmitted by the trigeminal nerve35-42. The nasal mucosa is entirely innervated by the trigeminal nerve, and therefore the Corresponding Author: cholinergic response generated in the nasal cavity Imad Hadi Hameed is observed throughout the nasal mucosa, favouring Biomedical Science Department, opening of the ostium, increasing glandular secretions University of Babylon, College of Nursing, and increasing ciliar movement in the entire area43-50. The Hillah city, Iraq; accumulated secretions in the sinuses are consequently Phone: 009647716150716 drained through the nose, providing rapid symptomatic E-mail: [email protected] relief of nasal congestion51. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, March 2018, Vol.9, No. 3 207 Anti-inflammatory effects of cyclamen: Cyclamens 2. Hadi MY, Hameed IH. Uses of Gas are plants native to an area of southern Europe, northern Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Africa and western Asia bordering the Mediterranean Technique for Analysis of Bioactive Chemical sea. The Cyclamen genus comprises around 20 species, Compounds of Lepidium sativum: A Review. the most familiar being purpurascens, widely cultivated Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. as a houseplant for its showy, dark green leaves flecked 2017; 10 (11): 4039-4042. with silver, and nodding white, pink or red flowers with 3. Ubaid JM, Hadi MY, Hameed IH. Bioactive their familiar, reflexed petals52-55. In medieval times Chemical Compounds Identified in Methanolic cyclamen retained its plethora of uses, but became used Extract of Trogoderma granarium. Research increasingly in the treatment of rheumatic and arthritic Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10 conditions. Recent research has focused on reported anti- (11): 3997-4004. inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of cyclamen extracts. The roots contain triterpene glycosides known 4. Kang DG, Lee HS. An improved method in as saponins and researchers at the University of Padua in screening of superoxide and hydroxyl radical Italy have found that extracts of the tubers of Cyclamen scavenging activities of plant medicinal extracts. repandum show promising activity when tested on Korean J. Pharmacog. 2001; 32: 253-256. rats and mice56-60. The researchers have isolated and 5. Kirby AJ, Schmidt RJ. The antioxidant activity of identified the various glycosides and have carried out Chinese herbs for eczema and of placebo herbs. J. further in vitro studies measuring the anti-inflammatory Ethnopharmacol. 1997; 56: 103-108. properties of cyclamen extracts. They concentrated particularly upon the activity of a newly isolated saponin 6. Moure A, Franco D, Sineiro J, Dominguez H, called repandoside61-63. Results showed that repandoside Nunez MJ, Lema JM. Evaluation of extracts from is one of several saponins that did indeed mediate the Gevuina avellana hulls as antioxidants. J. Agric. inflammatory response by influencing the behaviour of Food Chem. 2000; 48: 3890-3897. human macrophages. It is hoped that these compounds 7. Hameed IH, Calixto MR, Hadi MY. Antimicrobial, can be developed for future use in the treatment of Antioxidant, Hemolytic, Anti-anxiety, and inflammatory conditions64. Antihypertensive activity of Passiflora species. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. CONCLUSION 2017; 10 (11): 4079-4084. Cyclamen, is widely used in the anti-inflammatory 8. Hameed IH, Calixto MR, Hadi MY. A Review: and antinociceptive effects. Cyclamen derived bioactive Solanum nigrum L. Antimicrobial, Antioxidant compounds used as source of antibiotic properties and properties, Hepatoprotective effects and Analysis pharmaceutical industries used for drug formulation. of Bioactive Natural Compounds. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10 Financial disclosure: There is no financial disclosure. (11): 4063-4068. Conflict of interest: None to declare. 9. Hussein JH, Hameed IH, Hadi MY. A Review: Ethical Clearance: In this review, all information were Anti-microbial, Anti-inflammatory effect and collected and completed analysis under the biological Cardiovascular effects of Garlic: Allium sativum. department of college of Science in Hillah city. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10 (11): 4069-4078. REFERENCES 10. Flayyih SS, Hameed IH, Fakhir FD. Road Traffic Accident Coming to Hillah Teaching Hospital: 1. Hussein JH, Hameed IH, Hadi MY. Using Gas Prospective and Retrospective Study. Research Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10 Technique for Analysis of Bioactive Compounds (11): 3819-3825. of Methanolic Leaves extract of Lepidium sativum. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 11. Fakhir DF, Hameed IH, Flayyih SS. Retrospective 2017; 10 (11): 3981-3989. Study: Burn Injury from 2010 to 2015 in a Burn 208 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, March 2018, Vol.9, No. 3 Unit-Hillah Teaching Hospital-Iraq. Research (GC-MS) Technique. International Journal of Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10 Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance. 2017; 8(4); (11): 3831-3838. 200-213. 12. Khudhair ME, Hameed IH, Mekhlef AK. A 20. Ibraheam IA, Hadi MY, Hameed IH. Analysis of Prospective and Retrospective Study of Acute Bioactive Compounds of Methanolic Leaves extract Bronchitis in Hillah City-Iraq. Research Journal of Mentha pulegium Using Gas Chromatography- of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10 (11): Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Technique. 3839-3844. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance. 2017; 8(4); 174-182. 13. Kamal SA, Hamza LF, Ibraheam IA. Characterization of Antifungal Metabolites 21. Hadi MY, Hameed IH, Ibraheam IA. Ceratonia Produced by Aeromonas hydrophila and Analysis siliqua: Characterization, Pharmaceutical of its Chemical Compounds Using GC-MS. Products and Analysis of Bioactive Compounds: Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. A Review. Research Journal of Pharmacy and 2017; 10 (11): 3845-3851. Technology. 2017; 10(10): 3585-3589. 14. Mohammed GJ, Kadhim MJ, Hameed IH. 22. Hadi MY, Hameed IH, Ibraheam IA. Mentha Proteus species: Characterization and herbal pulegium: Medicinal uses, Anti-Hepatic, antibacterial: A review. International Journal of Antibacterial, Antioxidant effect and Analysis Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. of Bioactive Natural Compounds: A Review. 2016; 8(11): 1844-1854. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10(10): 3580-3584. 15. Shireen SK, Hameed IH, Hamza LF. Acorus calamus: Parts used, insecticidal, anti-fungal,