i"' • ~~ r~1 NEAR EAST UNIVERSITY (] 1988 Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering GSM CELL PLANNING Graduation Project EE- 400 Student: Husam A. Hamza Elnasri (20042297) Supervisor: Msc. Jamal Fathi Nicosia - 2007 • TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT vii ABSTRACT viii INTRODUCTION ix 1. GLOBAL SYSTEM for MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM) 1 1.1 Overview 1.2 The Evolution of Mobile Telephone Systems 1 1.3 GSM 2 1.4 GSM Networks 2 1.4.1 The Switching System 3 1.4.1.1 Home Location Register (HLR) 3 1.4. l.2 Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC) 3 1.4.1.3 Visitor Location Register (VLR) 3 1.4.2 The Base Station System (BSS) 4 1.4.2.1 BSC ·4 1.4.2.2 BTS 4 1.4.3 The Operation and Support System 4 1.4.4 Additional Functional Elements 5 1.4.4.1 Message Center (MXE) 5 1.4.4.2 Mobile Service Node (MSN) 5 1.4.4.3 Gateway Mobile Services Switching Center (GMSC) 5 1.4.4.4 GSM Inter Working Unit (GIWU) 5 1.5 GSM Network Areas 5 1.6 GSM Specifications 7 1.6.1 Bandwidth 7 1.6.2 Bits Per Second (bps) 7 1.6.3 Frequency 7 1.6.4 Kilo (k) 7 1.6.5 Megahertz (MHz) 7 1.6.6 Milliseconds (ms) 7 1.6.7 Watt (W) 8 .. 1.6.8 Frequency Band 8 1.6.9 Duplex Distance 8 1.6.10 Channel Separation 8 1.6.11 Modulation 8 1.6.12 Transmission Rate 8 1.6.13 Access Method 8 1.6.14 Speech Coder 8 1.7 GSM Subscriber Services 9 1.7.1 Dual-Tone Multi frequency (DTMF) 9 1.7.2 Facsimile Group III 9 1.7.3 Short Message Services 9 1.7.4 Cell Broadcast 9 1.7.5 Voice Mail 10 1.7.6 Fax Mail 10 1.8 Supplementary Services 10 1.8.1 Call Forwarding 10 1.8.2 Barring Of Outgoing Calls 10 1.8.3 Barring Of Incoming Calls 10 1.8.4 Advice of Charge (AoC) 10 1.8.5 Call Hold 11 1.8.6 Call Waiting 11 1.8.7 Multiparty Service 11 1.8.8 Calling Line Identification Presentation/Restriction 11 1.8.9 Closed User Groups (CUGs) 11 1.9 Summary 11 2. ARCHITECTURE OF GSM 12 2.1 Overview 12 2.2 History of the Cellular Mobile Radio and GSM 14 2.3 Architecture of the GSM Network 16 2.3.1 Mobile Station 17 2.3.1.1 The Terminal 18 2.3.1.2 The SIM 18 2.3.2 The Base Station Subsystem 19 11 2.3.2.1 The Base Transceiver Station 19 2.3.2.2 The Base Station Controller 20 2.3.3 The Network and Switching Subsystem 20 2.3.3.1 The Mobile services Switching Center (MSC) 21 2.3.3.2 The Gateway Mobile services Switching Center (GMSC) 21 2.3.3.3 Home Location Register (HLR) 21 2.3.3.4 Visitor Location Register (VLR) 22 2.3.3.5 The Authentication Center (AuC) 22 2.3.3.6 The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) 22 2.3.3.7 The GSM Interlocking Unit (GIWU) 22 2.3.4 The Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS) 22 2.4 The Geographical Areas of the GSM Network 23 2.5 GSM Functions 23 2.5.1 Transmission 24 2.5.2 Radio Resources Management (RR) 24 2.5.2.1 Handover: 25 2.5.2.2 Minimum Acceptable Performance Algorithm 25 2.5.2.3 Power Budget Algorithm 25 2.5.3 Mobility Management 25 2.5.3.1 Location Management 26 2.5.3.2 Authentication and Security 26 2.5.4 Communication Management (CM) 27 2.5.4.1 Call Control (CC) 27 2.5.4.2 Supplementary Services Management 28 2.5.4.3 Short Message Services management 28 2.5.5 Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM) 28 2.6 How Does It Work 28 2.6.1 Make Call 28 2.6.2 Call Initialization 29 2.6.3 Authentication 29 2.6.4 Call Set-up 30 2.7 SUMMARY 30 3. Mobile Communications System 31 lll •• 3.1 Overview 31 \ 3.2 Mobile Communications Principles 31 3.2.1 Early Mobile Telephone System Architecture 32 3.3 Mobile Telephone System Using the Cellular Concept 32 3.4 Cellular System Architecture 33 3.4.1 Cells 34 3.4.2 Clusters 34 3.4.3 Frequency Reuse 35 3.4.4 Cell Splitting 35 3.4.5 Hand off 36 3.5 North American Analog Cellular Systems 37 3.5.1 The Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) 38 3.5.2 Narrowband Analog Mobile Phone Service (NAMPS) 38 3.6 Cellular System Components 39 3.6.1 PSTN 39 3.6.2 Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO) 40 3.6.3 The Cell Site 40 3.6.4 Mobile Subscriber Units (MSUs) 40 3.7 Digital Systems 40 3.7.1 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 42 3.7.2 Extended Time Division Multiple Access (E- TDMA) 43 3.7.3 Fixed Wireless Access (FW A) 43 3.7.4 Personal Communications Services (PCS) 44 3.7.5 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 44 3.8 SUMMARY 45 4. GSM CELL PLANNING 46 4.1 Overview 46 4.2 Capacity Dimensioning 47 4.2.1 Dividing One Cell into Several Cells 47 4.3 Antenna and RBS Systems 48 4.4 Antenna System 49 4.4.1 Antennas 49 4.4.2 Integrated Antennas 50 IV • 4.4.3 Antennas Distributed via a Coax Feeder Network 50 4.4.4 Coaxial Cable 51 4.4.5 Power Splitters 51 4.4.6 Leaking Cable 52 4.4.7 Antennas Distributed via a Fiber-optical Network 54 4.5 RBS Systems 55 4.5.1 RF-repeater 55 4.5.2 Single and Multiple RBS 56 4.6 Multicasting Matrix Boxes (MCM) 58 4.7 Combining Box 58 4.8 RBS Products 59 4.8.1 RBS Overview 59 4.8.2 RBS 2401 62 4.8.3 ABS 2302 63 4.8.4 RBS 2202 64 4.9 RF Design 65 4.9.1 Link Budget 65 4.9.1.1 Required Signal Strength 65 4.9.1.2 Design level 65 4.9.1.3 BTS Output Power 65 4.9.2 Design Levels 66 4.10 Antenna Configuration 67 4.10.1 Work Flow 67 4.10.2 Nominal Antenna Plan 68 4.10.2.1 Antenna Configuration, Examples 68 4.10.2.1.1 Single Antenna in an Office Building 68 4.10.2.1.2 Distributed Antenna System in an Office Building 70 4.10.2.2 Coverage Predictions 71 4.10.2.3 Estimate Path Loss Manually 72 4.10.2.4 Distributed Antenna Configuration for Indoor Cells 76 4.10.2.5 RF Electromagnetic Exposure 77 4.11 Survey 78 4.12 Coverage Measurements 78 V 4.12.1 Transmitter Equipment . 79 4.12.2 Receiver Equipment 79 4.13 Frequency Planning 80 4.13.1 General 80 4.13.2 Planning Rules with Re-use of Outdoor Frequencies 80 4.13.3 Planning Rules With Dedicated the Frequencies 81 4.13 .4 High Buildings and Skyscrapers 81 4.13.5 Traffic Control 82 4.14 Study Case 82 4.15 Design Criteria 82 4.15.1 Coverage 82 4.15.2 Capacity 82 4.15.3 System Balance 82 4.15.4 Hardware 82 4.15.5 Task 83 4.15.6 Floor Plans 83 4.16 SUMMARY 83 CONCLUSION 84 REFERENCES 85 VI •• ACKNOWLEDGMENT "In the name of ALLAH the most beneficent the most merciful" First of all I would like to thank ALLAH for His greatest blessing and the best chances He has provided me with. Alhamdolillah. Today I am standing at the end of the road. Today I am graduating after a very long trip full of joy, tears, failure but a lot of success. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Fakhreddin Mamedov and a special thanks to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adnan Khashamn, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ozgur Ozerdem, Msc. Jamal Fathi Abu Hasna, and the all the electrical and electronic department staff. I would like to dedicate this success to lots of people who have helped me and encouraged me to stand here in front of you. My beloved parents, thank you for everything thing you have done to me. You raised me very well and taught me how to deal with intricate situations and believe me without you I am nothing. Dearest of all, my sweet sisters (Rana & Khalda) thanks for standing by my side. You really helped me a lot. I remembered you in each step I did and always I will do miss you my all. Finally, to a person that I will never forget, yes you might be very far away from me but you are very close to my heart. I promised you that I will succeed in my life; I promised you that I will be the best person ever as you wanted me to be. My beloved brother I will always love you (May he rest in peace). I would like to dedicate this success to all of you people. Thank you. Vil •• ABSTRACT The mobile station (MS) consists of the mobile equipment (the terminal) and a smart card called the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The SIM provides personal mobility, so that the user can have access to subscribed services irrespective of a specific terminal.