LGS UFSAR CHAPTER 2 - SITE CHARACTERISTICS TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.1 GEOGRAPHY AND DEMOGRAPHY 2.1.1 Site Location and Description 2.1.1.1 Specification of Location 2.1.1.2 Site Area 2.1.1.3 Boundaries for Establishing Effluent Release Limits 2.1.2 Exclusion Area Authority and Control 2.1.2.1 Authority 2.1.2.2 Control of Activities Unrelated to Plant Operation 2.1.2.3 Arrangements for Traffic Control on Public Passageways 2.1.2.4 Abandonment or Relocation of Roads 2.1.3 Population Distribution 2.1.3.1 Population Within 10 Miles 2.1.3.2 Population Between 10 and 50 Miles 2.1.3.3 Transient Population 2.1.3.4 Low Population Zone 2.1.3.5 Population Center 2.1.3.6 Population Density 2.2 NEARBY INDUSTRIAL, TRANSPORTATION, AND MILITARY FACILITIES 2.2.1 Locations and Routes 2.2.2 Descriptions 2.2.2.1 Description of Facilities 2.2.2.2 Descriptions of Products and Materials 2.2.2.3 Pipelines 2.2.2.4 Waterways 2.2.2.5 Airports 2.2.2.6 Projections of Industrial Growth 2.2.3 Evaluation of Potential Accidents 2.2.3.1 Determination of Design Basis Events 2.2.3.1.1 Explosions 2.2.3.1.2 Flammable Vapor Clouds 2.2.3.1.3 Exposure to Hazardous Chemical Releases 2.2.3.1.4 Fires 2.2.3.1.5 Collisions with the Intake Structure 2.2.3.1.6 Liquid Spills 2.2.3.2 Effects of Design Basis Events 2.2.4 References CHAPTER 02 2-i REV. 18, SEPTEMBER 2016 LGS UFSAR TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd) 2.3 METEOROLOGY 2.3.1 Regional Climatology 2.3.1.1 General Climate 2.3.1.1.1 Air Masses and Synoptic Features 2.3.1.1.2 General Airflow 2.3.1.1.3 Temperature 2.3.1.1.4 Relative Humidity 2.3.1.1.5 Precipitation 2.3.1.1.6 Relationship Between Synoptic and Local Scale Meteorology 2.3.1.2 Regional Meteorological Conditions for Design and Operating Bases 2.3.1.2.1 Seasonal and Annual Frequencies of Severe Weather Phenomenon 2.3.1.2.2 Maximum Snow Load 2.3.1.2.3 Meteorological Design Basis for the Ultimate Heat Sink 2.3.1.2.4 Design Basis Tornado 2.3.1.2.5 Fastest Mile of Wind 2.3.2 Local Meteorology 2.3.2.1 Normal and Extreme Values of the Meteorological Parameters 2.3.2.1.1 Wind Direction and Speed 2.3.2.1.2 Atmospheric Stability 2.3.2.1.3 Temperature 2.3.2.1.4 Precipitation 2.3.2.1.5 Humidity 2.3.2.1.6 Fog 2.3.2.2 Potential Influence of the Plant and its Facilities on Local Meteorology 2.3.2.2.1 Turbulent Wake Effects From Plant Structures 2.3.2.2.2 Potential Effects of the Waste Heat Dissipation System on the Local Meteorology 2.3.2.3 Topography 2.3.3 Onsite Meteorological Measurements Program 2.3.3.1 Preoperational Meteorological Measurement System (1970-1983) 2.3.3.1.1 Measurements and Instrumentation 2.3.3.1.2 Calibration and Maintenance Procedures 2.3.3.1.3 Data Analysis Procedures 2.3.3.2 Operational Meteorological Measurement System (1983) 2.3.3.2.1 Measurements and Instrumentation 2.3.3.2.2 Calibration and Maintenance Procedures 2.3.3.2.3 Data Analysis Procedures 2.3.3.3 Offsite Meteorological Monitoring Locations 2.3.3.3.1 Philadelphia 2.3.3.3.2 Allentown 2.3.3.3.3 Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station 2.3.4 Short-Term (Accident) Diffusion Estimates 2.3.4.1 Objective 2.3.4.2 Calculations CHAPTER 02 2-ii REV. 18, SEPTEMBER 2016 LGS UFSAR TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd) 2.3.4.2.1 Calculation of X/Q Values at the EAB and LPZ 2.3.4.2.2 Determination of Max Sector and Overall 5% Site X/Q Values 2.3.4.2.2.1 Maximum Sector X/Q 2.3.4.2.2.2 5% Overall Site X/Q 2.3.4.2.3 Meteorological Input 2.3.4.2.4 Building Wake Correction 2.3.4.2.5 Short Term X/Q Modeling Results 2.3.5 Long-Term (Routine) Diffusion Estimates 2.3.5.1 Meteorological Input 2.3.5.2 Plume Rise 2.3.5.3 Diffusion Model 2.3.5.3.1 Source Configuration 2.3.5.3.2 Terrain Corrections 2.3.5.3.3 Atmospheric Stability 2.3.5.3.4 Dispersion Coefficients 2.3.5.3.5 Recirculation Correction Factors 2.3.6 References 2.4 HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING 2.4.1 Hydrologic Description 2.4.1.1 Site and Facilities 2.4.1.2 Hydrosphere 2.4.1.2.1 Hydrologic Characteristics 2.4.1.2.2 Existing and Proposed Water-Control Structures 2.4.1.2.3 Surface Water Users Whose Intakes Could Be Adversely Affected by the Accidental Release of Contaminants 2.4.2 Floods 2.4.2.1 Flood History 2.4.2.2 Flood Design Considerations 2.4.2.3 Effects of Local Intense Precipitation 2.4.2.3.1 Drainage from Cooling Tower Area 2.4.2.3.2 Drainage From Spray Pond Area 2.4.2.3.3 Drainage from Power Plant Complex Area 2.4.2.3.4 Roof Loads on Safety-Related Structures That Are Due to PMP Onsite 2.4.2.3.5 PMF in Possum Hollow Run 2.4.2.3.6 Summary of Results - Local Intense Precipitation 2.4.3 Probable Maximum Flood on Steams and Rivers 2.4.3.1 Probable Maximum Precipitation 2.4.3.2 Precipitation Losses 2.4.3.3 Runoff and Stream Course Models 2.4.3.4 Probable Maximum Flood Flow 2.4.3.5 Water Level Determinations 2.4.3.5.1 Data Availability 2.4.3.5.2 Historical Floods 2.4.3.5.3 Water Level Determination up to 356,000 cfs CHAPTER 02 2-iii REV. 18, SEPTEMBER 2016 LGS UFSAR TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd) 2.4.3.5.4 Water Level Determination for Flows Above 356,000 cfs 2.4.3.6 Coincident Wind-Wave Activity 2.4.4 Potential Dam Failures, Seismically Induced 2.4.4.1 Dam Failure Permutations 2.4.4.2 Unsteady Flow Analysis of Potential Dam Failures 2.4.4.3 Water Level at Plant Site 2.4.4.3.1 Maximum Computed Water Surface and Wave Effects 2.4.4.3.2 Recapitulation of Conservative Steps in Dam Break Analysis 2.4.5 Probable Maximum Surge and Seiche Flooding 2.4.6 Probable Maximum Tsunami Flooding 2.4.7 Ice Effects 2.4.8 Cooling Water Canals and Reservoirs 2.4.8.1 General Description of the Spray Pond 2.4.8.2 Hydrologic Design Bases 2.4.8.2.1 Design Basis Flood Level 2.4.8.2.2 Safe Shutdown and Operating Basis Earthquakes 2.4.8.3 Low Level Outlet Facilities 2.4.9 Channel Diversions 2.4.10 Flooding Protection Requirements 2.4.11 Low Water Considerations 2.4.12 Dispersion, Dilution, and Travel Times of Accidental Releases of Liquid Effluents in Surface Waters 2.4.13 Groundwater 2.4.13.1 Description and Onsite Use 2.4.13.1.1 Groundwater Aquifer 2.4.13.1.2 Aquifer Recharge and Discharge 2.4.13.1.3 Onsite Use of Groundwater 2.4.13.2 Sources 2.4.13.2.1 Regional Use of Groundwater 2.4.13.2.2 Use of Groundwater in the Vicinity of the Site 2.4.13.2.3 Projected Future Use of Groundwater 2.4.13.2.4 Water Levels and Groundwater Movement 2.4.13.2.5 Aquifer Parameters 2.4.13.2.6 Reversibility of Groundwater Flow 2.4.13.2.7 Water Quality 2.4.13.3 Accident Effects 2.4.13.3.1 Groundwater Movement 2.4.13.3.2 Analytical Model for Radionuclide Migration 2.4.13.3.3 Radionuclide Ion Velocity and Travel Time 2.4.13.3.4 Dispersivity (Dispersion Constant) CHAPTER 02 2-iv REV. 18, SEPTEMBER 2016 LGS UFSAR TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd) 2.4.13.3.5 Results of Analysis 2.4.13.4 Monitoring and Safeguard Requirements 2.4.13.5 Design Bases for Subsurface Hydrostatic Loading 2.4.14 Technical Specification and Emergency Operation Requirements 2.4.15 References 2.5 GEOLOGY AND SEISMOLOGY 2.5.1 Basic Geologic and Seismic Data 2.5.1.1 Regional Geology 2.5.1.1.1 Regional Physiography and Geomorphology 2.5.1.1.2 Regional Stratigraphy 2.5.1.1.3 Regional Geologic Structure 2.5.1.1.4 Geologic History 2.5.1.2 Site Geology 2.5.1.2.1 General 2.5.1.2.2 Physiography 2.5.1.2.3 Stratigraphy 2.5.1.2.4 Structure 2.5.1.2.5 Fracture Zones in the Site Area 2.5.1.2.6 Site Geologic History 2.5.1.2.7 Engineering Geology Evaluation 2.5.1.2.8 Site Groundwater Conditions 2.5.2 Vibratory Ground Motion 2.5.2.1 Seismicity 2.5.2.1.1 Regional Seismicity 2.5.2.1.2 Local Seismicity 2.5.2.2 Geologic Structures and Tectonic Activity 2.5.2.2.1 Regional Geologic Setting 2.5.2.2.2 Regional Tectonic Provinces 2.5.2.2.3 Regional Tectonic Structures 2.5.2.3 Correlation of Earthquake Activity with Geologic Structures or Tectonic Provinces 2.5.2.3.1 Tectonic Models Relating Seismicity to Geologic Structure 2.5.2.4 Maximum Earthquake Potential 2.5.2.5 Seismic Wave Transmission Characteristic of the Site 2.5.2.6 Safe Shutdown Earthquake 2.5.2.7 Operating Basis Earthquake 2.5.3 Surface Faulting 2.5.3.1 Geologic Conditions of the Site 2.5.3.2 Evidence of Fault Offset 2.5.3.2.1 Geologic Structures in the LGS Site Excavation 2.5.3.3 Earthquakes Associated with Capable Faults 2.5.3.4 Investigation of Capable Faults 2.5.3.5 Correlation of Epicenters with Capable Faults CHAPTER 02 2-v REV.