Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Abbreviated Key Title: Saudi J Humanities Soc Sci ISSN 2415-6256 (Print) | ISSN 2415-6248 (Online) Scholars Middle East Publishers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Journal homepage: http://scholarsmepub.com/sjhss/ Original Research Article Role of Diaspora in the Development of Root: A Study from Selected Rural Areas of Lucknow District in Uttar Pradesh in India Mohammed Taukeer* Doctoral Student and Pursuing D.Phil in G. B. Pant Social Science Institute, Jhusi Allahabad, India *Corresponding author: Mohammed Taukeer | Received: 30.12.2018 | Accepted: 08.01.2019 | Published: 19.01.2019 DOI:10.21276/sjhss.2019.4.1.2 Abstract The Indian Diasporas in Gulf countries contributing the development of building of remittances. The migrants are not contributing into development of economy of India but also grass root level comprises to community and households level. In these consequences, present paper explored the role of Indian migrants in the development of community and their households at root. They remitted individual remittances to their households as well as their community at root which led to the demonstration impact of migration in the sample rural areas of Lucknow district. These phenomena created to the culture of migration from rural areas to Gulf countries. Keywords: Migration, diaspora, social bonding, remittances, development. Copyright @ 2019: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use (NonCommercial, or CC-BY-NC) provided the original author and source are credited. INTRODUCTION 2000. Migration unearths the sustainable and “Migration refers to the relocation of comprehensive development in both migrants sending individuals to a new geographical area. These change and receiving countries. Remittances are the key for an individual‟s place of residence from country to nexus of migration and development due to its country, state to state, or town to town are all contribution in the enhancement of socio-economic considered forms of migration” [1]. Process of development of remittances receiving countries [2]. The international migration is being promoted by the GCC countries are the major destination for South modern and cheaper transportation system which Asian migrants with 16.9 million which accounted 60.0 reducing the barriers in the way of migration between per cent of the total migrant stock of 28.1 million countries of origin, transit and destination. Further, migrants in GCC countries in 2017. Among the South precarious socio-economic and political conditions Asian countries, India is the largest origin country with forced to people for migration from root to destinations 31.5 per cent followed by 11.0 per cent Bangladeshis, regarding better future for themselves and their 10.8 per cent Pakistanis, 2.5 per cent Srilankan, 2.3 per families. Numbers of international migrants worldwide cent Nepalese and 1.6 per cent belonged to Afghanistan has gradually rapidly increased over the past fifteen while rest 40.0 per cent belonged to rest of the world years reached 244 million in 2015 followed by 222 (Table-1). million in 2010, 191 million in 2005 and 173 million in Table-1: Stock of South Asian Migrants in GCC Countries South Asian Countries Stock of Migrants Per Cent of Total Afghanistan 448806 1.6 Bangladesh 3103607 11.0 India 8904781 31.5 Nepal 665441 2.3 Pakistan 3065435 10.8 Sri Lanka 726331 2.5 Sub Total of South Asian in GCC Countries 16914201 60.0 Sub Total of Rest of World in GCC countries 11224371 40.0 Total 28138572 100.0 Source: Computed by Author from Migrant Stock Data of Population Division, United Nation Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2017 © 2019 |Published by Scholars Middle East Publisher, Dubai, United Arab Emirates 10 Mohammed Taukeer., Saudi J Humanities Soc Sci, January 2019; 4(1): 10-20 The formation of Indian Diaspora communities Gulf countries but numbers of Indian migrants were to across the globe is the result of different ways of small. The process of mass labour migration from India migration over hundreds of years by slavery under to Gulf countries began due to increasing in the demand mercantilism, indentured labour under colonisation and of labourers followed by beginning of lavish skilled/semi-skilled labourers‟ migration from post development projects in the Gulf countries after oil colonial India. The processes of international migration boom of 1973 in the GCC countries [4]. India had from post colonial India included following two phases enormous surplus labourers that could fill the demand of migration: (1) First phase was the migration of in Gulf countries; hence India government had taken as highly skilled professionals, workers to developed opportunities regard to supply the unskilled, semi- Western countries and (2) second phase was the skilled and skilled labourers to Gulf countries [5]. migration of semi-skilled and unskilled labour migration to Gulf countries following the oil boom in There was total 28.0 million stock of Indian the Gulf countries particularly from Southern Indian Overseas in the Gulf countries including 11.0 million state namely Kerala [3]. Process of labour migration NRIs (Non-Resident of India) and 17.0 million PIOs from India to Gulf countries was started with beginning (Person of Indian Origin) across the globe (Table-2). of oil companies followed by discovery of oil in the Table 2: Total Numbers of Indian Overseas Migrants Particulars Numbers of Indian in Overseas NRIs 11379746 PIOs 17075280 Overseas Indian 28455026 Source: Computed by Author from Population Overseas Indians, Ministry of Overseas Affairs, Govt. of India, 2015 Out of the total global stocks of Non Resident of Non Resident of Indians (NRIs). Among the GCC Indian (NRIs), nearly 7.2 million NRIs were living in countries, Saudi Arabia is the largest destination the countries of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) followed by United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Oman, which accounted 63.4 per cent of the total global stock Qatar and Bahrain (Table-3). Table-3: Numbers of Indian Overseas in Countries of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries NRIs PIOs TOTAL Indian Overseas in GCC Countries in Per Cent Saudi Arabia 2800000 13 2800013 38.8 U.A.E. 2000000 2349 2002349 27.7 Kuwait 758615 1096 759711 10.5 Oman 707850 880 708730 9.8 Bahrain 350000 2500 352500 4.9 Qatar 600000 677 600677 8.3 Total 7216465 7515 7223980 100.0 Source: Computed by Author from Population Overseas Indians, Ministry of Overseas Affairs, Govt. of India, 2015 The huge labour strength of temporary migrant Among the GCC countries, Saudi Arabia was the labourers led to growth in the countries of Gulf largest remittances sending country with $ 46,982 Cooperation Council (GCC) in the Middle East region. million remittances followed by $ 32,425 million from Temporary migrant labourers do not have right to United Arab Emirates, $11663 million from Kuwait, citizenship as well as accumulation of the property $10,721 million from Qatar, $ 4516 million from Oman during the migration in the Gulf countries. Apart, and $ 2698 million from Bahrain (World Bank 2016). temporary migrant labourers are not allowed to keep India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are three major labour their families during the migration in the Gulf countries. exporting countries of South Asia. These countries Above all these phenomena determined to huge inflow combined received total $ 60,472 million remittances of remittances from GCC countries to labour sending from GCC countries which accounted 55.3 per cent of countries [6]. It is analysed that total outflow of the the total out flow of $108,985 million remittances from estimated remittances from GCC countries was GCC countries. Among them, India received largest $108985 million which accounted nearly 18.1 per cent remittances followed by Pakistan and Bangladesh of total global remittances of $ 580594 million in 2015. (Table-4). © 2019 |Published by Scholars Middle East Publishers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates 11 Mohammed Taukeer., Saudi J Humanities Soc Sci, January 2019; 4(1): 10-20 Table-4: Remittances from GCC Countries in 2015 Remittances Receiving Countries Remittances from GCC Remittances from GCC Countries in million ($) Countries as Per cent of Total India 38,578 35.3 Pakistan 13,466 12.3 Bangladesh 8,428 7.7 A= Total remittances from GCC countries 60,472 55.3 to India, Pakistan and Bangladesh B=Total remittances from GCC countries 48,513 44.7 to rest of the world A+B= Total remittances from GCC 1,08,985 100.0 countries to across the globe Source: Computed by Author from World Bank Remittances Matrix Data 2016. In 2015, India received total $ 68910 million around the 90.0 per cent of per cent of the total inflow remittances from across the globe. India received of remittances in India. United Arab Emirates, United largest remittances from United Arab Emirates States of America and Saudi Arabia accounted 53.2 per followed by United States of America, Saudi Arabia, cent of the total inflow of remittances in India in 2015 Kuwait, Qatar, United Kingdom, Oman, Canada, Nepal, (Table-5). Australia and Bahrain. These countries accounted Table-5: Inflow of Remittances in India from abroad in 2015 Top Eleven Remittances Sending Volume of Remittances Per cent of Total Countries to India in Million($) UAE 13,745 19.9 USA 11,736 17.0 Saudi Arabia 11,253 16.3 Kuwait 4,688 6.8 Qatar 4,292 6.2 United Kingdom 3,895 5.6 Oman 3,259 4.7 Canada 2,913 4.2 Nepal 2,890 4.1 Australia 1,944 2.8 Bahrain 1,341 1.9 Subtotal (a) 61,955 90.0 Subtotal from the rest of the world (b) 6,955 10.0 Total:(a)+(b) 68,910 100.0 Source: Computed by Author from World Bank Remittances Matrix Data 2016 Countries of Gulf Cooperation Council are the per cent from Bahrain and rest 44.8 per cent of the largest destination for Indian migrant labourers those remittances were received from developed western are working as temporary contract labourers in the countries namely United States, Canada, United labour market of Gulf countries.