Likely former course of the Nile Bāb AL-MAQS al-Futūḥ CAIRO Present-day course of the Nile Bāb e l Zuwaylah i N Mosque of al-Azhar ḤALAB AL-HILĀLIYYAH līj Birkat ha K al-Fīl l- a al-Shāriʿ Citadel Mosque of Roda Ibn Ṭūlūn al Island -M u q a ṭ ṭ al-Qarāfah a Cemetery m H i OLD l l FUSTAT s Giza Pyramids/ Mosque of Sphinx ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ Qarāqūshʼs Wall GIZA FUSTAT Babylon Nilometer Fort Birkat al-Raṣad al-Ḥabash Hills e Cairo Conurbation Major building Wall with gate GIZA Quarter Palace Former wall al-Shāriʿ Urban feature Mosque Road Nile Body of water Range of hills 0 250 500 1000 1500 2000 m Design: Tim Mackintosh-Smith Cartography: Martin Grosch Mediterr anean Se a Jerusalem Damietta elta Alexandria Nile D Tinnīs al -G h al-Maḥallah arb iyyah f a w al- Ḥ L ʿAyn Shams o Giza w Cairo al-Qulzum e r Memphis S i n E a i P e n g y i n s p t u l a u m y le Iṭfīḥ Fai i N G u f u l s f ū Y o r f ḥ a S B u e z Al-Ushmūnayn N Jabal R ile Abū Dukhān e d S e Ikhmīm a p t g y E r Qūṣ e Insseertrt p Luxor p 0 5 10 km U Cairo Esna Giza N Edfu N i i l le e Giza Pyramids Ṭurah Abusir Damūh/ Aswan Saqqara Dammūh First Cataract Memphis Egypt Settlement River Lake Historic site Seasonal river/wadi Sandy desert 0 50 100 150 200 km Design: Tim Mackintosh-Smith Cartography: Martin Grosch C a s Egypt and p A i m a u Erzincan Surrounding Lands A n Da s ry i a S a M e i Akhlāṭ a n o r Settlement Ḥarrān M n Historic site e s a d t E Mosul T a i up i r River with t h g h u e n r r a r K t i Barqah r e s rapid a a s S e n e Damascus a a n v Baghdad Ty re e al-Madāʾin Seasonal river/ na i c a Jerusalem L I wadi re R P E y Babylon A Q R S C Alexandria I A Lake Cairo Basra E G A Y P r YA T a IRAQ Land/country L I B b i N a i n N ajd Region le / H d P e i j r s i a n j a G a N u l f a First Cataract z l - Medina Second M a Cataract r ī s Mecca e R il Fourth N e Cataract d ird Cataract S T N U e i B a h L I Fih Cataract ā A m a Indian Sixth a n h d Cataract Ocean o Blue f Y 0 200 400 600 km White Nile A E t h Nile BY M e SS E N B Lake I N Design: T. Mackintosh-Smith l a Victoria I A Cartography: Martin Grosch c k s Aleppo E u p h r a t es s e t n o r O s u Bāniyās Ḥamāh r p y Bārīn C Ṣāfīthā I A S Y R Tr ipoli ʿIrqah n ā Mediterr anean n b Sea u L Baalbek Beirut l a b a J Sidon Damascus Ty re Tibnīn Ṣafad Acre Lake Tiberias/ Bayt Jinn Sea of Galilee Ḥ a w r ā n r w n a a d h r o Nābulus G J - l a E N I Dead Sea/ T S Sea of Pitch Ashqelon E Jerusalem L A P e Levant Settlement River SYRIA Country Historic site Seasonal river/wadi Ḥawrān Region 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 km Design: Tim Mackintosh-Smith Cartography: Martin Grosch.