LANGUAGE IN INDIA Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow Volume 15:11 November 2015 ISSN 1930-2940 Managing Editor: M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D. Editors: B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D. Sam Mohanlal, Ph.D. B. A. Sharada, Ph.D. A. R. Fatihi, Ph.D. Lakhan Gusain, Ph.D. Jennifer Marie Bayer, Ph.D. G. Baskaran, Ph.D. L. Ramamoorthy, Ph.D. C. Subburaman, Ph.D. (Economics) N. Nadaraja Pillai, Ph.D. Soibam Rebika Devi, M.Sc., Ph.D. Assistant Managing Editor: Swarna Thirumalai, M.A. Materials published in Language in India www.languageinindia.com are indexed in EBSCOHost database, MLA International Bibliography and the Directory of Periodicals, ProQuest (Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts) and Gale Research. The journal is listed in the Directory of Open Access Journals. It is included in the Cabell’s Directory, a leading directory in the USA. Articles published in Language in India are peer-reviewed by one or more members of the Board of Editors or an outside scholar who is a specialist in the related field. Since the dissertations are already reviewed by the University-appointed examiners, dissertations accepted for publication in Language in India are not reviewed again. This is our 15th year of publication. All back issues of the journal are accessible through this link: http://languageinindia.com/backissues/2001.html Contents A Coherent Scrutinization on Syntactic Categories for Tagging Tamil Lexicon ... Dr. (Mrs.) Ananthi Sheshasaayee, MCA., M.Phil., Ph.D. Angela Deepa.V.R., M.Sc., B.Ed. 1-9 Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 15:11 November 2015 List of Contents i Selected Themes in Nissim Ezekiel’s Poems ... M. Archana Devi, M.A., M.Phil. 10-14 An Exploratory Study in Educating High School Children towards Maintaining an Eco-Friendly Environment ... Bhavya. N., M.Sc. Home Science, Ph.D. Scholar Dr. K. Purnima, M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D. Krishna Murthy K.N. M.Sc., M.Phil. 15-42 Canadian Feminist Consciousness in Margaret Atwood’s Bodily Harm and The Handmaid’s Tale ... S. Banupriya, M.A., B.Ed., M.Phil. 43-51 Societal Changes Viewed Through Bollywood Lenses ... Mita Bandyopadhyay, M.A. English, NET 52-58 Theme of Self-realisation in Namita Gokhale’s Paro: Dreams of Passion and Gods, Graves and Grandmother ... R. Kanimozhi, M.A., B.Ed., M.Phil. 59-71 A Study of the Existential Dilemma in Arun Joshi’s The Strange Case Of Billy Biswas ... Prof. Manminder Singh Anand 72-89 Minority Voices in a Multicultural Context: Jhumpa Lahiri ... Mudasir Habib, Ph.D. Research Scholar 90-96 Postmodernism Marxist Critiques ... M. Habib, Research Scholar 97-103 Anita Nair’s The Better Man - A Symbol of Weakness, Cowardice and Lack of Integrity ... N. Gunasekaran & Revathi 104-109 A Midsummer Night’s Dream: Fiction or Truth? ... Shabnum Iftikhar, M.A. Political Science, M.A. English Literature, ELT, Ph.D. Candidate 110-117 Comparison of Rate of Speech and Diadochokinetic Rate in Nepali and Malayalam Adult Native Speakers ... Shanta Dhakal, Keziah Merin Chacko, Vishnu V.K. and Sreelakshmi R. 118-132 Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 15:11 November 2015 List of Contents ii Meeting the Challenges of Reconstructing English Proficiency to the University Students Fossilized By the Inapt CLT Implementation at School and College Levels in Bangladesh ... Sharmin Sultana Mitu, M.A. (English), B.A. (Honors) 133-165 Power Structures in Karnad’s Play Nagamandala ... Smitha Sankaranarayanan, M.A., M.Phil. (English), Ph.D. Research Scholar 166-173 Allusions to the Passion of Christ in William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet ... Song Cho 174-178 Expression of Socio-Cultural Rituals in Gojri - An Ethnolinguistic Study ... Syed Iram Bashir & Humaira Khan 179-187 Personal Reflections on the Concept of “Language Teaching as an Art,” Based on a Critical Evaluation of In-class Presentations, Discussions, and Practical Exercises ... Talal Musaed Alghizzi, Ph.D. Candidate 188-200 Courtallam: The Spa of the South ... Dr. S. Thanam 201-207 Study of Inferential Ability in Primary School Children ... Usha. A. Dalvi, M.Sc. Speech Language Pathology N.S. Varsha, M.Sc. Audiology and Speech Language Pathology 208-226 Women as Revolutionaries in Amitav Ghosh’s The Shadow Lines and The Hungry Tide ... M. Vijayalakshmi, M.A. M.Phil. 227-240 Critical Thinking Skills among EFL/ESL Learners: A Review of Literature ... Pezhman Zare, Ph.D. Candidate 241-257 The Public Intellectual in India – A Review ... Binu George 258-263 A Comparative Analysis of Emotion Conceptual Metaphor in English and Bangla ... Jyotirmoy Patowari, Ph.D. Scholar 264-274 Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 15:11 November 2015 List of Contents iii Kannagi and Desdemona - A Comparative Study ... Prof. L. Lakshmanan and Dr. D. Nagarathinam 275-290 The Status of Wisdom in Firdausi's Shahnameh ... Nasrin Mozafari Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran Faranak Siyanat Bushehr University of Farhangiyan, Bushehr, Iran Ali Akbar Khansir Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran 291-302 English for Engineering Students in Tamilnadu - Listening: Speech Recognition Complexities ... G. Baskaran, Ph.D., D. Nagarathinam, Ph.D. and M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D. 303-307 Demystifying ‘Mother’ and ‘Daughter’ in Manju Kapur’s Custody ... Jitender Singh 308-316 Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 15:11 November 2015 List of Contents iv =================================================================== Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 Vol. 15:11 November 2015 =================================================================== A Coherent Scrutinization on Syntactic Categories for Tagging Tamil Lexicon Dr. (Mrs.) Ananthi Sheshasaayee, MCA., M.Phil., Ph.D. Angela Deepa.V.R., M.Sc., B.Ed. ========================================================================= Abstract The arrangement of words based on rules is termed as Syntax. Natural languages have their renowned syntactic rules that demonstrate their latent features. It is attributed in a form of free word order and some have conditions on the word order arrangement. As a consequence, the smallest unit in a sentence called word or lexicon has its unique function which determines the nature of the sentence. The categorized groups of functionalities of the words are termed as syntactic categories. The syntactic categories are also termed as Parts of Speech. Numerous NLP application benefits from this syntactic information, but for morphological rich languages like Tamil, the problem of tagging the every word in a particular part of speech remain a exigent task. This paper reports about the various approaches used for developing POS tagging and the developed POS taggers particularly for the Tamil language is discussed. Keywords: Tag Set, Suffix, Prefix, Parts-of-Speech, Tagging, Morphological Analysis, Hidden Markov Model (Hmm). Introduction The importance of parts-of-speech for language processing is about the detailed information it gives to the word and their neighbors. It is also termed as POS, word classes, morphological classes and lexical tags. The computational methods used in assigning parts-of-speech categories of words are termed as parts-of-speech tagging. Syntactic categories or parts-of-Speech tagging is defined as the process of marking the word [1] in a text in a particular part of speech according to a context. This plays a predominant role and serves as a preprocessing step in most of the NLP applications like information retrieval, Word disambiguation, Speech recognition, Machine translation, Name entity recognition, Text to speech, etc. Since numerous NLP applications rely Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 15:11 November 2015 Dr. (Mrs.) Ananthi Sheshasaayee, MCA., M.Phil., Ph.D. Angela Deepa.V.R., M.Sc., B.Ed. A Coherent Scrutinization on Syntactic Categories for Tagging Tamil Lexicon 1 on the syntactic categorical information, the need for developing an efficient POS tagging is important. Although the tagging of Indian languages gained interest in recent times the usage of tag sets by different research scholars leads to a chaotic situation. Standardization is the only dimension that can solve this discrepancy. Dravidian languages like Tamil are morphological rich in content and agglutinative in grammatical nature. Deep analysis is required at appropriate levels [1] to understand the feature of the languages. ` Taxonomy of POS Tagging POS tagging is broadly classified into supervised and unsupervised tagging. The following (figure. 1) demonstrates the different POS tagging used for natural language texts [2] linguistic rule, stochastic and a combination of both. Supervised tagging is a method that helps the system to learn the rules of tagging. It is based on pre-tagged corpus. Unsupervised tagging is an alternative method that uses algorithms to tag automatically the tag sets. It does not require a pre-tagged corpus. They are further divided into two distinct approaches for POS Tagging-Rule based and Stochastic approach [1]. The use of large database which consists of manual written linguistic rules to order the morphemes and the relative contextual information is termed as Rule based approach. The Stochastic approach involves the usage of unambiguously tagged text, which estimates the probabilities in selecting the most likely sequence. Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 15:11 November 2015 Dr. (Mrs.) Ananthi Sheshasaayee, MCA., M.Phil., Ph.D. Angela Deepa.V.R., M.Sc., B.Ed. A Coherent Scrutinization on Syntactic Categories for Tagging Tamil Lexicon 2 Figure 1: Various approaches of POS tagging Tagging Methodologies Tnt-A Statistical Part-of-speech tagger TnT tagger is a Hidden Markov Model, using the second-order form involving supervised tagging technique. This statistical model [7] consists of states representing tags in which the output word is predicted. The transition probabilities mainly rely on the pair of tags in which the output probabilities depend on the current category. This transition and output probabilities are based on the tagged corpus. Based on the relative frequencies, maximum likelihood probabilities were calculated.