THE KHAWAARIJ AND THE CREED OF TAKFEER: DECLARING A MUSLIM TO BE AN APOSTATE AND ITS EFFECTS UPON MODERN DAY ISLAAMIC MOVEMENTS by CRAIG ANTHONY GREEN Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the subject Islamic Studies at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF Y DADOO February 2009 Summary Islaam as a world religion is most often associated with terrorism and numerous bombings and conflicts around the globe. While, Islaam does not encourage these actions there exists movements within the Muslim community which use violence as a means of political expression similar to the early extremist Khawaarij sect who abused the concept of takfeer. Many modern day ideologues seem to adopt the main tenets of the Khawaarij creed and as a result exhort and carrying out actions of violence under the guise of Islaam. In addition, Western media, secularists, and United States policy also appears to have a direct role in fostering the growth of these movements. Therefore, there is a need for further study into the ideological roots of these groups, their actions, and how societies can look for solutions to combat their ideals before they evolve into terrorist actions. Key terms: Islaamic creed, takfeer, Khawaarij, Qur’aan, hadeeth, extremism, terrorism, Wahhaabee, Salafee, sectarianism Acknowledgements In the name of Allah the Most Beneficent the Most Merciful and peace and blessings be upon the Prophet Muhammad. I would like to extend my gratitude to those who have assisted me in my effort to complete this dissertation: • My supervisor, Professor Yousuf Dadoo for his continual support, advice, and patience throughout this effort. • My family for their encouragement, support, and patience in my long absence away from them during my dissertation. • My close friend and former colleague, Mr. Taalib Alexander who encouraged me to begin this dissertation and assisted me in gathering resources for this work. • My colleagues, Dr. Jamal Hamed, Dr. Jamal Jazeri and Dr. Hasan Hussayn who helped with advice and proof reading. • Dr. Muhammad Hashim, Eihab Nadir, Shaikh Sa’eed al-‘Amr, Shaikh Muhammad al-'Aqueel and many other scholars who advised me and assisted me with resources and answered my questions. Declaration Student number: 3595-594-5 I declare that “THE KHAWAARIJ AND THE CREED OF TAKFEER: DECLARING A MUSLIM TO BE AN APOSTATE AND ITS EFFECTS UPON MODERN DAY ISLAAMIC MOVEMENTS” is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. _______________________ _______________________ SIGNATURE DATE Mr. Craig Anthony Green Table of Contents System of Transliteration……………………………………………....................9 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….10 Research Objectives………………………………………………………………11 Significance of the Problem………………………………………………………11 Research Theory…………………………………………………………………..12 Methodology……………………………………………………………………….12 Limitations and Scope…………………………………………………………….14 Contents of Study……………………………………………………………….....15 Definition of Academic Terms…………………………………………………....15 Chapter One: The Khawaarij: The First Sect in Islaam 1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………..17 1.2 Definition of the Khawaarij……………………………………………..17 1.2.1 The Khawaarij…………………………………………………………18 1.2.2 The Muhakkima……………………………………………………….18 1.2.3 The Mukaafira…………………………………………………………18 1.2.4 The Azaariqa…………………………………………………………..19 1.2.5 The Ibaadeeya.………………………………………………………...19 1.2.6 The Saba`eeya…………………………………………………………20 1.3 Brief History of the Origins of the Khawaarij…………………………...20 1.4 The Khawaarij in Hadeeth Literature…………………………………….22 1.5 Statements of Classical Scholars…………………………………….......23 1.6 Characteristics and Creed of the Early Khawaarij………………………25 1.6.1 Believing Faith to be Constant…………………………………………25 1.6.2 Takfeer for Major Sins…………………………………………………26 1.6.3 Rebellion against Muslim Leadership…………………………………28 1.6.4 Enjoining Good and Forbidding Evil………………………………….31 1.6.5 Splitting From the Main Body of the Muslims………………………..32 1.6.6 Ill-treatment of Enemies………………………………………………..32 1.6.7 Extremism…………………………………………………………......33 1.6.8 False Interpretation of Qur’aanic Verses……………………………...35 1.6.9 Religious Innovation…………………………………………………..37 1.6.10 Denial of Punishment in the Grave…………………………………...39 1.6.11 Reviling the Companions…………………………………………….40 1.7 Conclusion………………………………………………………………41 Chapter Two: The Islaamic Creed According to Salafee Scholars 2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………..42 2.2 Tawheed………………………………………………………………...42 2.3 Respecting the Companions and Family of the Prophet………………..46 2.4 Adhering to Ahl al-Sunna wa al-Jamaa’a.......................................…….48 2.5 Shunning Extremism ………….………………………………………..50 2.6 Renouncing Islaam…….………………………………………………..54 2.7 Ruling according to Human Law as opposed to Divine Law…………..57 2.8 Recognizing Leaders…………………….……………………………...61 2.9 Declaring People to be Apostates………………………………………63 2.9.1 Categories of Takfeer…………………………………………………64 2.9.2 Conditions of Takfeer…………………………………………………66 2.9.3 Impediments to making Takfeer………………………………………67 2.10 Muhammad Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhaab and the Creed of Takfeer………...71 2.10.1 Detractors of Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhaab…………………………………73 2.10.2 Discourse over the Concept of Tawassul……………………………74 2.10.3 Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhaab’s Creed………………………………………81 2.10.4 Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhaab’s Position Regarding Leadership……………83 2.10.5 His Jihaad……………………………………………………………84 2.10.6 His Position regarding Takfeer………………………………………86 2.11 Conclusion……………………………………………………………..88 Chapter Three: Contemporary Islaamic Movements and Thinkers 3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………90 3.2 Factors Contributing to the Radicalization of Islaamic Movements…….90 3.2.1 Fall of the Islaamic Caliphate………………………………………….92 3.2.2 Secularization of Regimes……………………………………………..94 3.2.3 Repression as a Backlash to Islaamic Militancy………………………98 3.2.4 Regime Cooperation with Non-Muslim States………………………..99 3.2.5 Non-Muslim Presence in Muslim Lands……………………………...101 3.2.6 US Attack on Muslim Countries……………………………………...102 3.3 Overview of Islaamic Thinkers……………………………….………...102 3.3.1 Aboo al-A’ala al-Mawdoodee………………………………………...105 3.3.1.1 Mawdoodee’s Creed………………………………………………...105 3.3.1.2 Mawdoodee’s View on Leadership…………………………………109 3.3.2 Sayyid Qutb……………..…………………………………………….111 3.3.2.1 His Creed……………………………………………………………112 3.3.2.2 Qutb and Takfeer……………………………………………………115 3.3.2.3 Qutb’s Assessment of Daar al-Harb………………………………...119 3.3.2.4 Sayyid Qutb and Leadership………………………………………..121 3.3.3 Shukree Mustafa………………………………………………………122 3.3.3.1 Shukree Mustafa’s Creed…………………………………………...123 3.3.3.2 Qur’aanic Misinterpretation………………………………………...125 3.3.4 Muhammad ‘Abd al-Salaam Faraj and Jamaa’a al-Jihaad……………130 3.3.4.1 His Creed……………………………………………………………130 3.3.4.2 Faraj’s Concept of Jihaad…………………………………………...132 3.3.5 ‘Umar ‘Abd al-Rahmaan……………………………………………...136 3.3.5.1 His Concept of Jihaad………………………………………………137 3.3.5.2 ‘Umar ‘Abd al-Rahmaan on Rulership and Takfeer………………..138 3.3.6 Aboo Qataada al-Filisteenee……………………………………….....144 3.3.6.1 Aboo Qataada on Jihaad and Takfeer……………………………….145 3.3.6.2 Aboo Qataada and Leadership……………………………………...150 3.3.6.3 Belittlement of the Scholars………………………………………...153 3.3.7 Aboo Hamza al-Misree……………………………………………….155 3.3.7.1 Aboo Hamza’s Call to Islaam………………………………………156 3.3.7.2 His Concept of Jihaad………………………………………………157 3.3.7.3 Takfeer of the Rulers……………………………………………….160 3.3.7.4 His Position Regarding the Scholars..………………………………167 3.3.8 ‘Abd Allah al-Faisal………………………………………………….176 3.3.8.1 His Call to Islaam…………………………………………………..176 3.3.8.2 His Concept of Takfeer…………………………………………….177 3.3.8.3 His Jihaad…………………………………………………………..185 3.3.8.4 His Belittlement of the Scholars..…………………………………..187 3.3.9 Usaama Bin Laaden and al-Qaeda…..………………………………..192 3.3.9.1 Creed and Ideology…………………………………………………192 3.3.9.2 The Bai’a……………………………………………………………195 3.3.9.3 Jihaad and Terrorism………………………………………………..196 3.3.9.4 His Takfeer………………………………………………………….206 3.3.9.5 Bin Laaden on Contemporary Regimes…………………………….209 3.3.9.6 His Criticism of Contemporary Scholars…………………………...213 3.3.10 Aboo Mus’ab al-Zarqaawee…………………………………………216 3.3.10.1 His Creed ………………………………………………………….216 3.3.10.2 Zarqaawee on Jihaad……………………………………..………..217 3.3.10.3 Zarqaawee’s Criticism of the Scholars…………………………….230 3.3.10.4 Takfeer of the Rulers………………………………………………232 3.4 Conclusion………………………………………………………………233 Chapter Four: Contemporary Misconceptions about Islaam and Terrorism 4.1 Introduction.…………………………………………………………….236 4.2 Secularism………………………………………………………………236 4.3 Misconceptions of Islaamic Jihaad……………………………………..242 4.4 The Concept of the Right to Rebel……………………………………..245 4.5 Terrorism: its Types and Motivations………………………………….246 4.6 The Media and the Image of Islaam……………………………………250 4.7 US Policy and its effect on Muslims……………………………………254 4.8 Misconceptions about Suicide Bombings………………………………258 4.9 Western Think Tanks and Jihaadees……………………………………259 4.10 Conclusion……………………………………………………………..264 Chapter Five: Conclusions and Observations 5.1. Conclusions and Observations…………………………………………265 5.2 Areas for Further Study….……………………………………………...267 Bibliography……………………………………………………………….269 System of Transliteration Consonants ' d b t t thU th j gh h f kh q d k dh l r m z n s h sh w s y Vowels a aa u oo , i ee Dipthongs aw ay Transliteration Chart from the book TheU Exorcist Tradition in Islaam U (Philips1997:iv) Note: The reader may at times find some inconsistency in the transliteration