National Aeronautics and Space Administration ANNUAL HIGHLIGHTS of RESULTS from the INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION October 1, 2017 – October 1, 2018 MAXI SEDA-AP CALET CATS HREP NREP2 ISS-CREAM ANNUAL HIGHLIGHTS of RESULTS from the INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION October 1, 2017 – October 1, 2018 Product of the International Space Station Program Science Forum This report was developed collaboratively by the members of the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), European Space Agency (ESA), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the State Space Corporation Roscosmos (Roscosmos). The highlights and citations in this report, as well as all the International Space Station (ISS) results and citations collected to date, can be found at: https://www.nasa.gov/stationresults. Managing Editors Ousmane Diallo and Tara Ruttley, NASA Judy Tate-Brown, Barrios Technologies Executive Editor Kirt Costello, NASA Cover: View of the Kibo laboratory module as the ISS orbited over the southern Pacific Ocean east of New Zealand. Hardware seen in this photo: Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) Experiment Logistics Module Pressurized Section (ELM-PS), Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS), Japanese Experiment Module - Exposed Facility (JEM-EF), Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image (MAXI), Cosmic- Ray Energetics and Mass for the International Space Station (ISS-CREAM), Nanoracks External Platform (NREP-2), Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO), Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System (RAIDS) Experiment Payload (HREP) Inter-orbit Communication System - Exposed Facility (ICS-EF), Cloud- Aerosol Transport System (CATS), and CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) Space Environment Data Acquisition Equipment - Attached Payload (SEDA-AP) (ISS055E006395). NP-2018-12-020-JSC Table of Contents Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 Publication Highlights: Biology and Biotechnology ................................................................. 6 Publication Highlights: Human Research ................................................................................. 9 Publication Highlights: Physical Sciences ............................................................................. 13 Publication Highlights: Technology Development and Demonstration ................................. 16 Publication Highlights: Earth and Space Science .................................................................. 19 ISS Research Results Publications .................................................. 24 To Learn More .................................................................................... 43 Word cloud of keywords identified in ISS results publications collected from October 1, 2017 - October 1, 2018. ISS Results Publications Introduction 100% The International Space Station (ISS) is a unique 75% place – a convergence of science, technology and human innovation that demonstrates new technologies and makes research breakthroughs that cannot be accomplished on Earth. As an 50% international laboratory for scientific research in microgravity, the space station’s international crew lives and works while traveling at a speed of about five miles per second as they make new discoveries 25% in the disciplines of biology and biotechnology, Earth and space science, human research, physical science, educational activities, and technology 0% Peer-reviewed Conference Gray development and demonstrations. Journals Papers Literature 1638 446 153 This year, investigators published a wide range of Technology Development and Demonstration ISS science results, from improved theories about Physical Science the creation of stars to the outcome of data mining Human Research Educational Activities and Outreach “omics” repositories of previously completed ISS Earth and Space Science investigations. The ISS Program Science Office Biology and Biotechnology collected 206 scientific publications between Figure 1: A total of 2237 publications (through October 1, 2018) October 1, 2017 and October 1, 2018. Of these represent scientist’s worldwide. This chart illustrates the percentages for each discipline of research, per publication type. 206 publications, five were books, 173 were articles published in peer-reviewed journals, 19 were Exploration Agency (JAXA), the European Space conference presentations, and nine were patents. Agency (ESA), and the Canadian Space Agency Of the items collected, 60 were published prior (CSA). This report includes highlights of collected to October 1, 2017, but not collected until after ISS results as well as a complete listing of this October 1, 2017. year’s ISS results that benefit humanity, contribute The ISS is the springboard to the next great leap to scientific knowledge, and advance the goals of in exploration, enabling research and technology space exploration for the world. development that will benefit human exploration Overall, the number of publications collected in of destinations beyond low-Earth orbit. It is the 2017-2018 represents a year-over-year increase of blueprint for global cooperation – one that enables 10% from the previous year of 2031 publications a multinational partnership and advances shared collected.1 As of October 1, 2018, the ISS Program goals in space exploration. Science Office has identified a total of 2237 Results represent research accomplishments publications since 1999 with sources in peer- sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space reviewed journals, conferences, and gray literature, Administration (NASA), the State Space Corporation representing the work of more than 5000 scientists Roscosmos (Roscosmos), the Japan Aerospace worldwide (Figure 1). 1. Robinson J, Ruttley T, Tate-Brown J. Annual Highlights of Results from the International Space Station: October 1, 2016 – October 1, 2017.2016; NP-2018-02-002-JSC. 1 The ISS Program Science Office has a team of (Clarivate Source Analytics®) professionals dedicated to continuously collecting (# of ISS articles) Ranks and archiving research results from all utilization activities across the ISS partnerships. The archive 1 PLOS ONE (2) can be accessed at www.nasa.gov/iss-science. This database captures the ISS investigations 5 Nature Communications (1) summaries and results, providing citations to the 7 Scientific Reports (13) publications and patents as they become available. 8 New England Journal of Medicine (1) The team reviews various publications to locate articles detailing results from ISS research. Other 9 Physical Review Letters (7) methods to discover articles with ISS results include: • email alerts from Pubmed, Google Scholar, 16 The Astrophysical Journal (8) Web of Science, and others • ISS investigator websites Monthly Notices of the 25 • Science networks such as ResearchGate Royal Astronomical Society (1) 26 Applied Physics Letters (1) Measuring Space Station Impacts 100 Sources ISS Publications In Top 42 Astronomy and Astrophysics (1) Because of the unique microgravity environment of the ISS laboratory, the multidisciplinary and 67 The Journal of Chemical Physics (1) international nature of the research, and the significance of the investment in its development, 96 The Astrophysical Journal Letters (6) analyzing ISS scientific impacts is an exceptional challenge. As a result, the ISS Program Science Table 1: 2017-2018 ISS Publications collected in the Top 100 Global Office uses different methods to describe the Journals, by Eigenfactor. From October 1, 2017 to October 1, 2018, as reported by 2017 Journal Citation Reports, Clarivate Analytics®. impacts of ISS research activities. One method used to evaluate the significance of scientific output from the ISS is to track the article citations and the Eigenfactor of journal importance time researchers spend reading the journal. For the across the ISS partnership. Since different time period of October 1, 2017 to October 1, 2018, disciplines have different standards for citations and 42 ISS publications were published in the top 100 different time spans across which citations occur, journals by Eigenfactor. Twenty-four of those ISS Eigenfactor applies an algorithm that uses the entire publications were in the Top 10 Global Journals as Web of Science citation network from Clarivate reported by Clarivate Analytics® (Table 1). Analytics® spanning the previous five years.2 Continuously updated information pertaining to This algorithm creates a metric that reflects the ISS investigations across the ISS international relative importance of each journal. Eigenfactor partnership is available at www.nasa.gov/iss- counts citations to journals in both the sciences science; in particular, publications of ISS results can and social sciences, eliminates self-citations of be found at www.nasa.gov/stationresults. journals, and is intended to reflect the amount of 2. West JD, Bergstrom TC, Bergstrom CT. The Eigenfactor Metrics™: A Network approach to assessing scholarly journals. College and Research Libraries. 2010;71(3). DOI: 10.5860/0710236. 2 Figure 3.The ISS Map of Science for all ISS publications collected through October 1, 2018, overlaid on the UCSD Map of Science. The ISS Program Science Office has developed The UCSD Map of Science was originally produced an ISS Map of Science: a colorful visualization of in 2005 at the request of UCSD, updated in 2012, the spread of knowledge gained from ISS research and its map and classification system are distributed across