Constellation / Apex Rounded Lowercase Romans 150pt ablest 140pt britain 135pt VILLAGE cadgier 125pt diploma 120pt expedite WWW.VLLG.COM Constellation / Apex Rounded Lowercase Italics 150pt zlotys 140pt yantai 135pt VILLAGE xenium 125pt whalery 120pt visitator WWW.VLLG.COM 2 Constellation / Apex Rounded Uppercase Romans 150pt FIORA 140pt GABLE 135pt VILLAGE HOKEY 125pt INURED 120pt JOURNO WWW.VLLG.COM 3 Constellation / Apex Rounded Uppercase Italics 150pt UNITS 140pt TWAIN 135pt VILLAGE SQUAD 125pt RADISH 120pt QUARTS WWW.VLLG.COM 4 Constellation / Apex Rounded All weights & styles Ultra & Ultra Italic 30pt APHORIZE BERGENIA carabiners dialogized ebriosity freehand Heavy & Heavy Italic 30pt GARDIERE HANDRAIL imitability jagdgÖttin knockout locations Bold & Bold Italic 30pt MOTORIZE NUMERICS VILLAGE objurgates polyvalent querencia recreated Medium & Medium Italic 30pt SEIGNORY TELONIUM unrequired variegated winterers xenotimes Book & Book Italic 30pt YEARLING ZABAIONE ancestorial breakdown chevelure delicately WWW.VLLG.COM 5 Constellation / Apex Rounded Sample text settings BOLD & BOLD ITALIC 10pt Sir George Everest himself opposed the name suggested by Waugh and told the Royal Geographical Socie ty in 1857 that Everest could not be written in Hindi nor pronounced by its native people. Waugh’s propos ed name prevailed despite the objections, and in 1865, the Royal Geographical Society officially adopted Mount Everest as the name for the highest mountain in the world. The modern pronunciation of Everest is different from Sir George’s pronunciation of his surname: eev-rist. In the early 1960s, the Nepalese go vernment coined the Nepali name Sagarmāthā or Sagar-Matha, meaning goddess of the sky. In 1802, th e British began the Great Trigonometric Survey of India to fix the locations, heights, and names of the wo rld's highest mountains. Starting in southern India, the survey teams moved northward using giant theod olites, each weighing 500 kg and requiring 12 men to carry, to measure heights as accurately as possible. They reached the Himalayan foothills by the 1830s, but Nepal was unwilling to allow the British to enter. t BOLD & BOLD ITALIC 10pt Mount Everest is Earth’s highest mountain above sea level, located in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas. The international border between Nepal and China runs across its summit point. The curr ent official elevation of 8,848 m, recognised by China and Nepal, was established by a 1955 Indian survey and subsequently confirmed by a Chinese survey in 1975. In 1865, Everest was given its official English na me by the Royal Geographical Society, as recommended by Andrew Waugh, the British Surveyor General o f India, who chose the name of his predecessor in the post, Sir George Everest, despite Everest’s objection s. Mount Everest attracts many climbers, some of them highly experienced mountaineers. There are two m ain climbing routes, one approaching the summit from the southeast in Nepal and the other from the nort h in Tibet. While not posing substantial technical climbing challenges on the standard route, Everest pres ents dangers such as altitude sickness, weather, and wind, as well as significant hazards from avalanches and the Khumbu Icefall. VILLAGE MEDIUM & MEDIUM ITALIC 10pt The first recorded efforts to reach Everest’s summit were made by British mountaineers. As Nepal did not a llow foreigners to enter the country at the time, the British made several attempts on the north ridge route from the Tibetan side. After the first reconnaissance expedition by the British in 1921 reached 7,000 m on t the North Col, the 1922 expedition pushed the north ridge route up to 8,320 m, marking the first time a hum an had climbed above 8,000 m. Seven porters were killed in an avalanche on the descent from the North Col. The 1924 expedition resulted in one of the greatest mysteries on Everest to this day: George Mallory and A ndrew Irvine made a final summit attempt on 8 June but never returned, sparking debate as to whether or n ot they were the first to reach the top. They had been spotted high on the mountain that day but disappeare d in the clouds, never to be seen again, until Mallory’s body was found in 1999 at 8,155 m on the north face. T enzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary made the first official ascent of Everest in 1953, using the southeast rid ge route. Norgay had reached 8,595 m the previous year as a member of the 1952 expedition. BOOK & BOOK ITALIC 10pt Mount Everest is known in its Tibetan home as Qomolangma, meaning Holy Mother. The name was first rec orded with a Chinese transcription on the 1721 Kangxi Atlas, and then appeared as Tchoumour Lancma on a 1 733 map published in Paris by the French geographer D’Anville based on the former map. It is also popularly r omanised as Chomolungma and as Jo-mo-glang-ma. In Chinese it is known as Shèngmu Fēng, meaning Holy Mother Peak. Many other local names exist, including Deodungha, meaning Holy Mountain in Darjeeling. In t he late 19th century, many European cartographers incorrectly believed that a native name for the mountain was Gauris hankar, a mountain between Kathmandu and Everest. In 1849, the British survey wanted to preser ve local names if possible, Waugh argued that he could not find any commonly used local name. Waugh’s sear ch for a local name was hampered by Nepal and Tibet’s exclusion of foreigners. Waugh argued that because t here were many local names, it would be difficult to favour one name over all others; He decided that Peak x v should be named after British surveyor Sir George Everest, his predecessor as Surveyor General of India. WWW.VLLG.COM 6 Constellation / Apex Rounded Sample text settings BOLD & BOLD ITALIC 8.5pt The British were forced to continue their observations peak b. Waugh would later write that the observation from Terai, a region south of Nepal which is parallel to s indicated that peak b was higher than Kangchenjun the Himalayas. Conditions in Terai were difficult beca ga, but given the great distance of the observations, c use of torrential rains and malaria. Three survey offic loser observations were required for verification. The ers died from malaria while two others had to retire b following year, Waugh sent a survey official back to Te ecause of failing health. Nonetheless, in 1847, the Bri rai to make closer observations of peak b, but clouds t tish continued the survey and began detailed observa hwarted his attempts. In 1849, Waugh dispatched Jam tions of the Himalayan peaks from observation statio es Nicolson to the area, who made two observations fr ns up to 240 km distant. Weather restricted work to t om Jirol, 190 km away. Nicolson then took the largest t he last three months of the year. In November 1847, A heodolite and headed east, obtaining over 30 observa ndrew Waugh, the British Surveyor General of India m tions from five different locations, with the closest be ade several observations from the Sawajpore station ing 174 km from the peak. Nicolson retreated to Patna at the east end of the Himalayas. Kangchenjunga was on the Ganges to perform the necessary calculations b then considered the highest peak in the world, and wi ased on his observations. His raw data gave an averag th interest, he noted a peak beyond it, about 230 km a e height of 9,200 m for peak b, but this did not conside way. John Armstrong, one of Waugh’s subordinates, al r light refraction, which distorts heights. However, the so saw the peak from a site farther west and called it number clearly indicated that peak b was higher. MEDIUM & MEDIUM ITALIC 8.5pt Nicolson contracted malaria and was forced to return h rch 1856 he announced his findings in a letter to his de ome without finishing his calculations. Michael Hennes puty in Calcutta. Kangchenjunga was declared to be 8,5 sy, one of Waugh’s assistants, had begun designating p 82 m, while peak xv was given the height of 8,840 m. W eaks based on Roman numerals, with Kangchenjunga n augh concluded that peak xv was “most probably the h amed peak ix. Peak b now became known as peak xv. I ighest in the world”. peak xv was calculated to be exact n 1852, stationed at the survey headquarters in Dehrad ly 29,000 ft high, but was publicly declared to be 29,0 un, Radhanath Sikdar, an Indian mathematician and sur 02 ft in order to avoid the impression that an exact hei veyor from Bengal, was the first to identify Everest as ght of 29,000 ft was nothing more than a rounded esti the world’s highest peak, using trigonometric calculati mate. Waugh is sometimes playfully credited with bein VILLAGE ons based on Nicolson’s measurements. An official ann g “the first person to put two feet on top of Mount Eve ouncement that peak xv was the highest was delayed f rest.” In 1856 Andrew Waugh announced Everest as 8,8 or several years as the calculations were repeatedly ve 40 m high, after several years of calculations based on rified. Waugh began work on Nicolson’s data in 1854, a observations made by the Great Trigonometric Survey. nd along with his staff spent almost two years working The 8,848 m height given is officially recognised by Ne on the numbers, having to deal with the problems of lig pal and China. Nepal plans a new survey in 2019 to dete ht refraction, barometric pressure, and temperature ov ermine if the April 2015 Nepal earthquake affected the er the vast distances of the observations.