DEVELOPING AN INTEGRATED OCEAN POLICY FOR MOZAMBIQUE IZILDO ROQUE RANGEL FERREIRA The United NationNation----NipponNippon Foundation Fellowship Programme 20082008----20092009 DIVISION FOR OCEAN AFFAIRS AND THE LAW OF THE SEA OFFICE OF LEGAL AFFAIRS, THE UNITED NATIONS NEW YORK, 2009 DISCLAIMER The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Government of Mozambique, the United Nations, the Nippon Foundation of Japan or the National University of Ireland, Izildo Ferreira, 2008. i ABSTRACT Mozambique has a long coastline with a rich diversity of resources with occupy a very relevant national social and economic impact and an important role regionally. Coastal and marine issues have been explored within sectorial programmes following the need for resolving immediate problems such as: erosion, pollution, population density, conservation and management of the resources and others. Because these programmes are normally developed in the short and medium term they do not represent the ultimate solution for the coastal/ocean problems. Coastal/ocean issues ought to be addressed holistically, as a dynamic system linking the land and marine processes where apart from the general standard of how to develop coastal/ocean policy particular aspects must be take into account for Mozambique. The integrated coastal/ocean policy also must be developed to take into account regional and global initiatives for it’s effective functioning. On the other hand, Mozambique must look at the undefined maritime boundaries as a potential focus of instability and cannot continue to trust simply the good relationships with the neighbouring States. Its maritime boundaries must be defined to guarantee solid peace and safety for the country as well as to exercise an effective sovereignty where policies, strategies, rules and law are implemented within clear maritime jurisdictions making sure that the national practices are in conformity with the LOS Convention. In this context, it is urgent the call for the necessary steps in order to reach agreement for the maritime boundary delimitation with opposite and adjacent neighbouring countries. This study is a reflection on the relevant Mozambican coastal/ocean issues and ocean policy. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was only possible because of the Nippon Foundation of Japan, and the Selection Committee who granted me the honour and opportunity to be part of the Nippon Foundation-United Nations Fellowship Programme. I strongly believe that this is an enormous contribution to the development of national skills which will be of benefit for a comprehensive understanding and implementation of the LOS Convention. For this reason, I would like to thank and wish long life to the programme. My regards also extend to the other individuals and institutions which helped me in the conduct of my research, namely my supervisor professor Ronan J. Long in name of the National University of Ireland which wisely conducted my six month research phase. This regards are also extended to all individuals presented to me by Professor Long during the research who contributed their experience and knowledge and to the staff of the National University of Ireland which provided me the necessary facilities. My very deep appreciation to all staff of the Division for Ocean Affairs and Law of the Sea, I am in particularly grateful to Dr. Francois Bailet (the Programme Advisor) with his inestimable technical knowledge and assistance in the study in particular, and for his attention during the entire nine months. My gratitude is also extended to the National Institute of Sea and Borers Affairs represented by Mr. Miguel Alberto Chissano, who has been the incentive for officials to develop their skills with respect to sea and borders affairs; the Directorate of Ms. Maria Leonor Joaquin which always encouraged me to apply to the Programme, all my colleagues and my family without their emotional support I could not successfully undertake this study. iii Table of Contents: Pages Disclaimer.............................................................................................................................i Abstract................................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgement...............................................................................................................iii List of Tables and Maps.....................................................................................................vii Abbreviations and Acronyms ...........................................................................................viii Introduction ………………………………………….……………………........................1 Part I The context Background information 1.1. Geography …………………………………………………………………...............2 1.2. Coastal features………………………………………………………………………5 1.3. Administrative Bodies responsible for maritime/marine affairs in Mozambique……5 1.4. Relevant domestic legislation …………………………………………………….....7 Maritime zones claimed by Mozambique 2. Baselines…………………………………………………………………….………...9 2.1 Territorial Sea…………………………………………………………….................20 2.2 Contiguos Zone………………………………………………………………...........23 2.3 Continental Shelf……………………………………………………………….........26 2.4 Exclusive Economic Zone …………………………………………….…….............30 3. Maritime Boundaries ………………………………………………………………....32 3.1Mozambique/Tanzania………………………………………………………..............32 3.2 Mozambique/South Africa…………………………………….....………………......33 3.3 Mozambique/Madagascar…………………………....……………………………..........33 3.4 Mozambique/Comoros…………………………....…………………………….…....35 iv Part II Oceans Policy and Comparative Law and Policy Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..…36 1. The concept of policy integration …………………………………………………….37 1.2 How does the policy process start and evolve? ……………………………………..38 2. Regional & global initiatives………………………………………………………….40 2.1 Some initiatives in Africa……………………………………………………………41 2.2 Security and Safety..…………………………………………………………………43 3. Comparative Law and Policy …………………………………………………………45 3.1 Canada……………………………………………………………………………….46 3.2 United State of America………………………………………………………….…..48 3.3 South Africa……………………………………………………….…………………50 3.4 Tanzania……………………………………………………………..……….......…..53 PART III Developing a maritime policy model for Mozambique Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..55 1 Pilots’ programmes along certain coastal zones ……………………………………...55 1.2 Analysing Integrated Coastal Zone Management and National Ocean Plan………..56 1.3 Who should take the lead in Mozambique in the policy process? …………….……59 1.4 Relevant elements for National Ocean plan in Mozambique...……………………...59 2. Resources and Environment..…………………………..……………………………..61 2.1 Fisheries ……………………………………………………………….…………….61 2.1.1 Aquaculture………………………………………………………………………...64 2.2 Offshore……………………………………………………………………………...65 2.2.1 Oil………………………………………………………………………………….65 2.2.2 Gas……………………………………………………………………………….………85 2.3 Tourism………………………………………………………………………………66 2.4 Maritime Transportation……………………………………………………………..69 v 2.5 Environment………………………………………………………………………….72 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS……………………………………….76 BIBLIOGRAPGHY ……………………………………………………………….…….83 vi LIST OF MAPS AND TABLES Map 1. Southern Africa.....................................................................................................3 Map 2. Mozambique, Administrative division.................................................................4 Map 3. Baselines of Republic of Mozambique..............................................................16 FIGURES Figure 1. Bazaruto Archipelago.......................................................................................19 Figure 2. Some Islands on the Mozambique Channel......................................................29 Figure 3. Some beneficiaries’ countries from the Mozambique ports.............................71 TABLES Table 1. Straight baselines segments................................................................................13 vii ABREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS CZ-Contiguous Zone CLCS-Commission on Limits of the Continental Shelf EEZ-Exclusive Economic Zone EU-European Union ICJ- International Court of Justice ICZM- Integrated Coastal Zone Management IMAF- National Institute for Sea and Borders Affairs IMO- International Maritime Organisation IOTC- Indian Ocean Tuna Commission LOS- Convention- Law of the Sea Convention TS-Territorial Sea MICOA- Ministry for Coordination and Environmental Action NOAA- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration PACSICOM- Pan African Conference on Sustainable Integrated Coastal Management PARPA- Action Plan for Reduction of Absolute Poverty SADC- Southern African Development Communities UN-United Nations UNEP-United Nation Environmental Programme US-United States of America USAID- United States Agency for International Development UNESCO-United Nation Educational, Scientific and cultural Organisation viii INTRODUCTION The aim of this paper is to identify some key elements that need to be addressed by Mozambique regarding the implementation of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1. In addition, the paper identifies some core elements that must be considered by Mozambique in developing an integrated approach to the management of ocean and coastal resources. For convenience the paper is divided into three parts. The paper starts out in Part 1 by providing some background information on Mozambique including the marine resources