UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES EFFECT OF TERRORISM ON AIR TRANSPORT INDUSTRY IN AFRICA: A CASE STUDY OF KENYA LYNETTE DEBORAH ADHIAMBO REGISTRATION NO: R50/67477/2013 A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF MASTERS IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES. 2016 DECLARATION This research study is my original work and has not been presented for the award of a degree in this University or any other Institution of higher learning for examination. Signature………………….…….. Date…………..………………. Lynette Deborah Adhiambo R50/67477/2013 This project has been submitted for examination with my approval as the University Supervisor. Signature ………………………………… Date ……………… Prof. Nzomo Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies University of Nairobi ii DEDICATION I hereby dedicate this research project to my family, colleagues and friends who have continuously been a source of encouragement and offered their endless support during the entire time I was writing this research project and even when at times I felt defeated and all hope seemed lost. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to first and foremost acknowledge and appreciate my supervisor for all the advice and guidance given unto me as I was writing this project. I would also like to acknowledge my friends and colleagues who all participated and offered their much valued input into this project. This research project would not have been a success if it had not been for you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ ii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ v ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background to the Study ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem ..................................................................................................... 4 1.3. Research Questions .............................................................................................................. 6 1.4. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................................................ 6 1.4.1. General Objective .......................................................................................................... 6 1.4.2. Specific objectives ......................................................................................................... 6 1.5. Literature Review ................................................................................................................. 7 1.5.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 7 1.5.2. Terrorism in Africa ........................................................................................................ 8 1.5.3. Terrorism in Kenya ...................................................................................................... 10 1.5.4. Theoretical Framework................................................................................................ 12 1.6. Justification of the Study .................................................................................................... 14 1.7. Theoretical Framework ...................................................................................................... 15 v 1.8. Research Hypotheses.......................................................................................................... 17 1.9. Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 17 1.9.1. Study Design................................................................................................................ 18 1.9.2. Target Population ........................................................................................................ 18 1.9.3 Sampling Design........................................................................................................... 19 1.9.4 Data Collection ............................................................................................................. 20 1.9.5 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................ 20 1.10 Chapter Outline ................................................................................................................. 21 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................ 22 TERRORISM IN AFRICA ........................................................................................................ 22 2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 22 2.2 The Global Dimension of Terrorism ................................................................................... 22 2.3 Terrorism In Africa ............................................................................................................. 26 2.3.1 Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) ................................................................... 26 2.3.2 Boko Haram .................................................................................................................. 27 2.3.3 Al-Shabaab ................................................................................................................... 28 2.4. Causes of International Terrorism ...................................................................................... 29 2.5. Effects of Terrorism in Africa ............................................................................................ 31 2.6. Role of African Union in fighting terrorism ...................................................................... 34 2.7. Challenges of AU in combating terrorism ......................................................................... 38 2.8. Summary ............................................................................................................................ 39 vi CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................... 40 TERRORISM IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY ......................................................................... 40 3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 40 3.2. Terrorism in Kenya ............................................................................................................ 40 3.3. Impact of Terrorism in Kenya ............................................................................................ 42 3.4. Terrorism and Air Transport .............................................................................................. 44 3.4.1. Current Dynamics of Air Transport Terrorism............................................................ 46 3.4.2. Current Threats to Aviation ......................................................................................... 50 3.4.3. Threats from Ranged Weapons ................................................................................... 52 3.6.4. Threats against Airline Facilities and Airports ............................................................ 54 3.6. Efforts by Kenyan Government to Counter Aviation Terrorism ....................................... 56 3.7. Summary ............................................................................................................................ 60 CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 61 STRATEGIES FOR COUNTERING TERRORISM IN THE AIR TRANSPORT INDUSTRY IN KENYA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ............................................................. 61 4.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 61 4.2.1. Global Partnerships...................................................................................................... 62 4.2.2 Assistance to Counter Terrorist Financing ................................................................... 66 4.2.3. Legislative action ......................................................................................................... 68 4.2.4. Market force analysis................................................................................................... 70 4.3. Main aspects of Kenya-US counter terrorism partnership in Air Transport Industry ........ 71 vii 4.4. Role Played By Kenyan