PLANET Europe European Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development June, 2018 Title: THE LEGACY OF INTERNATIONAL BUILDING EXHIBITION EMSCHER PARK: A REVIEW PROJECT 20 YEARS LATER Author: Yu Rung Jeng Student Number: S4830318 / C1675783 Radboud University Nijmegen Cardiff University Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Peter M. Ache Department of Geography, Planning and Environment Radboud University Nijmegen Dr. Oleg Golubchikov School of Geography and Planning Cardiff, Wales, UK 2 Copyright © 2018 Yu Rung Jeng Word Count: 20977 3 Acknowledgement Thank you to everyone who has had faith in me and kept on supporting me, as always. 4 Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................... 10 1.2 RESEARCH AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND QUESTIONS ................................................................................. 12 1.3 SOCIETAL AND SCIENTIFIC RELEVANCE .............................................................................................. 13 1.4 STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH ............................................................................................................ 13 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................... 16 2.1 LEGACY MANAGEMENT ......................................................................................................................... 16 2.1.1 The Dimensions of Event’s Legacy .................................................................................... 16 2.1.2 The Challenges and Recommendations for Legacy Management ......................... 19 2.2 URBAN REGENERATION ........................................................................................................................ 20 2.2.1 Post - Industrial Regeneration............................................................................................ 20 2.2.2 Community-Led Regeneration ........................................................................................... 22 2.2.3 Cultural-Led Regeneration ................................................................................................... 23 2.2.4 Mega-Event-Led Regeneration ........................................................................................... 24 2.3 CONCLUDING REMARK .......................................................................................................................... 27 3 RESEARCH STRATEGY AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................... 31 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN & RESEARCH STRATEGY ...................................................................................... 31 3.2 EPISTEMOLOGY & ONTOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 31 3.3 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................... 32 3.3.1 Data Collection .......................................................................................................................... 32 3.3.2 Triangulation of Data ............................................................................................................. 39 3.4 RESEARCH VALIDITY, RELIABILITY & LIMITATIONS.......................................................................... 40 3.5 RESEARCH ETHICS ................................................................................................................................. 41 4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ................................................................................................. 43 4.1 MAPPING THE PATTERNS OF LEGACY .................................................................................................. 43 4.1.1 Tangible Legacy ........................................................................................................................ 45 4.1.2 Intangible Legacy ..................................................................................................................... 51 4.2 THEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ADDITIONAL IMPACTS ................................................................................ 58 4.2.1 Changing Planning Culture .................................................................................................. 58 4.2.2 Regionalen - A Regional Cooperation Structural Policy ........................................... 59 4.2.3 Further Regional Development .......................................................................................... 61 5 4.2.4 Exemplary Case Study ........................................................................................................... 62 4.3 KEY STAKEHOLDERS INTERVIEW ANALYSIS OF THE MAINTENANCE MECHANISM ........................ 64 4.4 REFLECTION ON THE LEGACY TOPIC: HAVING LEGACIES OR NOT? ................................................. 66 4.5 IBA DILEMMA: THE RULES OF LABORATORY ..................................................................................... 67 4.6 MISSING LEGACIES OF IBA EMSCHER PARK ....................................................................................... 69 4.7 FUTURE VISIONS OR RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................... 71 5 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................ 74 5.1 CONCLUSIVE DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................... 74 5.2 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................... 77 5.3 CRITICAL REFLECTION ON WORK PROCESS ....................................................................................... 80 5.4 AREAS OF FURTHER RESEARCH ........................................................................................................... 80 REFERENCE ...................................................................................................................................... 83 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................... 88 APPENDIX A: LIST OF IBA PROJECTS .......................................................................................................... 88 APPENDIX B: IBA - EMSCHER PARK CHRONOLOGY .................................................................................. 92 APPENDIX C: INTERVIEW GUIDE ................................................................................................................. 93 APPENDIX D: CODING SCHEME ................................................................................................................... 95 APPENDIX E: RESULTS OF THEMATIC ANALYSIS.................................................................................... 100 APPENDIX F: DECLARATION FORM .......................................................................................................... 102 APPENDIX G: ETHICAL APPROVAL FORM ............................................................................................... 103 APPENDIX H: INTERVIEW CONSENT FORM............................................................................................. 109 6 List of Abbreviations EC European Commission ECC European Capital of Culture EU European Union ELP Emscher Landscape Park IBA International Building Exhibition (Internationale Bauausstellung) IBAs IBA projects IGA International Garden Show (Internationale Gartenausstellung) NRW North Rhine-Westphalia RQ Research Question RVR Regionalverband Ruhr List of Tables Table 1. Description of Legacy Themes in Olympic Games Identified in Bid Documents and Final Reports ······························································································· 16 Table 2. Hard and Soft Event-Structures ····································································· 19 Table 3. IBA Versus Traditional German and U.S. Approaches to Brownfield Redevelopment ·································································································· 21 Table 4. Evaluation Framework For Olympic Host Cities ············································· 26 Table 5. Overview of the Research ············································································· 35 Table 6. Interviewee Profiles ····················································································· 37 List of Figures Figure 1. Planning Area of Emscher Park in Ruhr Region ············································ 11 Figure 2. Structure of the Research ············································································ 14 Figure 3. Sports Mega-Event Legacies ········································································ 17 Figure 4. Legacy Cube ································································································ 18 Figure 5. Mega-Event Legacy Framework ··································································· 18 Figure 6. The Dimensions of Legacy in IBA Emscher Park ··········································· 27 Figure 7. Conceptual Framework: Tree Model of the IBA Transformation ···················