MAXIM FLOUTING AND HEDGING OF CO- OPERATIVE PRINCIPLES APPLIED BY THE CHARACTERS IN THE MOVIE LOCK, STOCK, AND TWO SMOKING BARRELS A Thesis Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of the Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Language and Literature By: Indah Dwi Sulistyorini 07211141018 ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY 2014 MOTTOS “Sesungguhnya bersama kesulitan ada kemudahan dan sesungguhnya bersama kesusahan ada kemudahan.” (QS. Al-Insyirah: 5-6) “I know where I‟m going and I know the truth, and I don‟t have to be what you want me to be. I‟m free to be what I want.” (NN) “Live your life and forget your age.” (Norman Vincent Peale) “Berusahalah ikhlas dalam segala hal. Tersenyumlah walau masalah mendera karena senyum membuat hatimu tenang untuk menghadapinya.” (Indah) v DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to: My Sister (Almh. Maya Fitri Kisbentari) and My Mother (Sri Rahayu) vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Alhamdulillah, all praise be for Allah SWT, the Almighty for all the blessing without which I would have never finished this thesis writing. I would also like to give my deep gratitude to: 1. Drs. Suhaini Muhammad Saleh, M. A., as my first supervisor; and Nandy Intan Kurnia, S. S.. M. Hum, as my second supervisor, who have given me guidance, care, understanding, and patience; 2. my parents, Sri Rahayu and Poniran, who have always given me courage, long-lasting love, support, prayer, and belief so that I always remember to write a line in this thesis; 3. my older and younger brothers, Triono and Salafudin Fadlillah, who have always given me support and also the reason I should finish this thesis; 4. my sister, Maya Fitri Kisbentari (almh.), to whom I would like to say “I want to show you that even if I do not follow your path as a nurse, I still can finish my study, sist”; 5. my cousin, Sri Rahayu, for always supporting and understanding me every time I fall down; 6. all my cheerful nieces and nephews: Nisa, May, Bagas, Vany, Bria, Arif, Aisyah, Naufal, and Farid, for their bright faces and cute smiles from which I get powerful spirit; 7. my big family: mbok e, uncles (Endri, Syafak, Salim, Topa), aunts (Eny, Hety, Musyarofah) for their support, love, and affection from which I gain confidence even when I am not feeling well; 8. my special consultant, Dewinta Laksmi Vikantari, for giving me her time and guidance so that I can show some progress in my thesis writing and now I can finish it; 9. my „step-brother‟, Mas Nur, and sleeping beauty friend: Anies Eli Krisnawati, because of their “kapan kamu bimbingan?” and “kapan lulus?” so that I can get my focus to continue writing this thesis; vii TABLE OF CONTENTS COVER……...………………………………………………………….…… i APPROVAL SHEET…………………..……….…………………………... ii RATIFICATION SHEET…………………….…………………….…........ iii SURAT PERNYATAAN…………………………….…………………….... iv MOTTOS………..……….…………………………….……………………. v DEDICATIONS…..………………………………….….………..………… vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………..……………..…...... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS……………….…………………………….....…. ix LIST OF TABLES……………..…………..……..………………………… xii LIST OF APPENDICES……………………………..…………………..... xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………..………………...…………... xv ABSTRACT……………………………………….……………..………….. xvi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION…………………………………….……. 1 A. Background of the Research…..………………….…...……………….. 1 B. The Research Focus…………..…………………………….…..……... 4 C. The Limitation of the Research…………..………..…..………………. 8 D. The Formulation of the Research…………..………………………….. 9 E. Objectives of the Research…………….………………………………. 9 F. The Significance of the Research……..……………………………….. 9 CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………. 11 A. Theoretical Description………..……………………………………….. 11 1. Pragmatics……….…………………………………………………… 11 ix 2. Conversation……..…………………………………………………… 15 3. Context….……………………………………………………………. 16 4. Cooperative Principles……..………...……...………………………... 18 a. Maxim Flouting…..…………………………………………………... 20 b. Maxim Hedging…..…………………………………………………... 28 5. Implicature………...………………………………………………….. 30 B. Lock, Stock, and Two Smoking Barrels………………...……………… 31 C. Previous Research Finding………….…………………………………. 33 D. Conceptual Framework…………………………..…………………….. 35 E. Analytical Construct…………………………………………..……….. 38 CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD………………………………….. 39 A. Research Type………………………………………………………….. 39 B. Data Preparation……………………………………………………….. 40 1. The Object of the Research, Data and Data Source…………………. 40 2. Research Instrument………………………………………………….. 41 3. Technique of Data Collection………………………………………... 41 C. Methods of Data Analysis……………………………………………… 43 1. Classifying……………………………………………………………. 43 2. Interpreting…………………………………………………………… 43 3. Reporting……………………………………………………………... 44 D. Trustworthiness of the Data……………………………………………. 44 CHAPTER IV. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION…………………………. 45 A. Findings………………………………………………………………... 45 B. Discussion……………………………………………………………… 48 x 1. The Types of Maxim of Cooperative Principle which are Flouted and Hedged by the Characters in the movie Lock, Stock, and Two Smoking Barrels……………………………………………….……... 48 a. Types of Maxim Flouting…………………………………………….. 48 b. Types of Maxim Hedging……………………………………………. 56 2. The Ways of Maxim of Cooperative Principle which are Flouted and Hedged by the Characters in the movie Lock, Stock, and Two Smoking Barrels………….………….……………………………….. 64 a. Ways of Maxim Flouting…………………………………………….. 64 b. Ways of Maxim Hedging…………………………………………….. 77 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS………………… 86 A. Conclusions……………………………………………………………. 86 B. Suggestions…………………………………………………………….. 88 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………… 90 APPENDICES………………………………………………………………. 92 xi LIST OF TABLES Table 1: The Form of Data Sheet for the Types of Maxim Flouting, Ways of Maxim Flouting and Hedging of Cooperative Principle Applied by the Characters in the Movie Lock, Stock, and Two Smoking Barrels….………………………………………………. 42 Table 2: The Data Findings of Maxim Flouting of Cooperative Principle Applied by the Characters in the Movie Lock, Stock, and Two Smoking Barrels………..………………………………………… 46 Table 3: The Data Findings of Maxim Hedging of Cooperative Principle Applied by the Characters in the Movie Lock, Stock, and Two Smoking Barrels…………..….………………………………….. 47 Table 4: The Data Findings for Ways of Maxim Flouting of Cooperative Principle Applied by the Characters in the movie Lock, Stock, and Two Smoking Barrels………….……………………………. 47 Table 5: The Data Findings for Ways of Maxim Hedging of Cooperative Principle Applied by the Characters in the Movie Lock, Stock, and Two Smoking Barrels…………..……………………………. 48 xii LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX 1: Maxim Flouting and Hedging of Cooperative Principle Applied by the Characters in the Movie Lock, Stock, and Two Smoking Barrels……………………………………. 92 APPENDIX 2: Surat Pernyataan Triangulasi………………..………….. 107 xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CP : Cooperative Principles QL : Maxim of Quality QN : Maxim of Quantity R : Maxim of Relation M : Maxim of Manner O : Overstatement U : Understatement M : Metaphor I : Irony S : Sarcasm B : Banter Ir : Irrelevant Statement A : Ambiguous Statement T : Tautology RQ : Rhetorical Question xiv MAXIM FLOUTING AND HEDGING OF COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE APPLIED BY THE CHARACTERS IN THE MOVIE LOCK, STOCK, AND TWO SMOKING BARRELS By Indah Dwi S. 07211141018 ABSTRACT The objectives of this research are to identify and describe (1) the types of maxim of Cooperative Principle that are flouted and/or hedged by the characters; and (2) the ways of maxim flouting and hedging applied by the characters in the movie Lock, Stock, and Two Smoking Barrels. This movie is a British crime one that tells about four Cockney men that caught in the middle of a labyrinth with three things, marijuana, money, and guns. This condition leads to the characters in the movie to flout and hedge the maxims of Cooperative Principles in their conversation. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach. The data in this research are in the forms of dialogues in the movie and the transcript or text of Lock, Stock, and Two Smoking Barrels which contain maxim flouting and hedging. The source of the data is Lock, Stock, and Two Smoking Barrels the movie and its script. The data were collected through watching the movie, reading and re- reading the script, and identifying the actors. The data were, then, identified using the limitation provided, coded into the data sheet, interpreted as what are found based on the context of each datum, discussed into a deeper and richer story-lined explanation, and then concluded for the research questions. The result of the research reveals two points. The first is that from the four maxims of Cooperative Principles, the maxim flouting of quantity and the maxim hedging of quality are mostly used by the characters. While maxim of manner is found to be flouted twice and hedged once because the characters like to give a clear statement without using ambiguous words. The second is that not all types of ways of maxim flouting are found; there are only seven types can be found and applied by the characters. Overstatement is mostly used by the characters to flout the maxim of Cooperative Principles. Meanwhile, tautology is only found once because the characters do not like to use two same words to emphasize their opinion. For maxim hedging, there are only ten ways of maxim hedging can be found in the data. In using maxim hedging, the characters like to use “well” in their utterances as it is occurred six times. Meanwhile, “anyway”, never mind that”,