Chapter 8 Objectives Describe the two types Identify various stand-alone of software operating systems Understand the startup process Identify various network for a personal computer operating systems Recognize devices that use Chapter 8 Describe the term user interface embedded operating systems Operating Systems Explain features common to Discuss the purpose of the most operating systems following utilities: file viewer, and Utility file compression, diagnostic, uninstaller, disk scanner, disk Programs Know the difference between defragmenter, backup, and stand-alone operating systems screen saver and network operating systems Next p.8.2 Operating Systems Operating Systems What is an operating system (OS)? What are the functions of an operating system? • Set of programs that coordinates all activities among computer hardware resources Operating Next System p.8.3 Fig. 8-1 start up the computer monitor performance manage memory and provide housekeeping administer security manage programs Next services control a network provide user interface p.8.3 schedule jobs and access the Web configure devices Operating Systems Operating Systems Where is the operating system located? What is a cross-platform application? • One that runs identically on multiple operating systems operating system resides on ROM in handhelds runs on Windows 95, 98, 2000, ME, and XP operating system resides on hard Next disk in most Next p.8.3 cases p.8.4 Fig. 8-2 1 Operating System Operating System Functions Functions What is booting? What messages display on the screen when you boot the computer? • Process of starting or restarting a computer BIOS version and copyright notice total amount of cold boot memory Process of turning on a devices detected computer after it has been warm boot and tested powered off completely Process of restarting a Windows computer that is already message powered on sound card and CD-ROM drivers loaded Next Next p.8. 4 p.8.4 Fig. 8-3 Operating System Operating System Functions Functions How does a Step 3: BIOS personal checks components Step 1 such as mouse, computer keyboard CD-ROM drive boot up? connectors, and 1: Power supply expansion cards sends signal to Step 2 Processor processor components in system unit Step 3 BIOS BIOS 2: The processor accesses BIOS to expansion cards start computer Next Next p.8. 5 Fig. 8-4 p.8. 5 Fig. 8-4 Operating System Operating System Functions Functions Step 4: Results of Step 5: BIOS looks POST are for system files in floppy disk drive compared to data drive A (floppy disk in the CMOS chip CD-ROM drive drive) and then CD-ROM drive CMOS drive C (hard disk) CMOS Step 4 processor processor hard disk Drive that Step 5 contains BIOS operating BIOS system is expansion cards called boot expansion cards drive Next Next p.8. 5 Fig. 8-4 p.8. 5 Fig. 8-4 2 Operating System Operating System Functions Functions Step 6: Boot Step 7: Operating system loads program loads configuration information and floppy disk drive kernel of operating displays desktop on screen system into RAM CD-ROM drive Operating system executes from boot drive CMOS programs in StartUp folder Operating system in memory takes processor control of computer hard disk (RAM) memory click Start to modules display list of applications you BIOS can run Step 6 Step 7 expansion cards Next Next p.8. 5 Fig. 8-4 p.8. 5 Fig. 8-4 Operating System Operating System Functions Functions What is an emergency recovery disk? What is a user interface? • Floppy disk that contains system files that will start • Controls how you enter data and instructions and computer when hard disk becomes damaged and how information displays on screen computer cannot boot • Also called repair disk, boot disk, or rescue disk command-line (DOS) interface ry e v o k c s e i R D Next Next graphical (Windows) p.8.6 Fig. 8-5 p.8.7 Fig. 8-6 interface Operating System Operating System Functions Functions What is multitasking? What are other program management features of • Allows single user to work on two or more applications operating systems? that reside in memory at same time Foreground multiuser multiprocessing contains active Operating system enables two Operating system can support application - the two or more processors running foregroundforeground or more users to run a one you applicationapplication program simultaneously programs at same time currently are using fault-tolerant computer Background backgroundbackground applications contains inactive applications Continues to operate even if one of its listedlisted on on taskbar taskbar programs that components fails are running but Next Next Computer has duplicate components are not in use p.8.9 Fig. 8-8 p.8.9 such as processors, memory, and disk drives 3 Operating System Operating System Functions Functions What is memory management? What is virtual memory (VM) management? • Optimizes the use of random access memory • Operating page swapped out (RAM) system allocates portion of hard disk to function disk monitors contents of like RAM (virtual(virtual memory memory) allocates, or assigns, data • Paging and instructions to area of memory while they are • Thrashing being processed clears items from RAM memory when (physical(physical processor no longer memory) requires them Next Next p.8.10 p.8.10 Fig. 8-9 page swapped in Operating System Operating System Functions Functions How does an operating system schedule jobs? What is spooling? • Adjusts schedule based on job’s priority • Print jobs sent to buffer instead of directly to printer, where print jobs wait their turn print spooler application print job job print queue An operation the transferring items receiving processor manages from storage to data from an memory and from input device memory to storage sending information to processing jobs jobs Next an output instructions Next to be being p.8.10 device p.8.11 Fig. 8-10 printed disk printed server laser printer Operating System Operating System Functions Functions What is a device driver? How do you install a device driver? ControlControl Panel Panel • Small program that tells operating system how to Use the communicate with a device Printers and Other • Each device requires its Hardware link own specific driver in Control Panel device driver PrintersPrinters and and Other Other Hardware Hardware linklink Next Next p.8.11 p.8.12 Fig. 8-11 4 Operating System Operating System Functions Functions How does an operating system monitor How does an operating system manage files? performance? • Provides a program, called performance monitor, that • Includes a program called file manager, such as assesses and reports information about various system Windows Explorer resources and Commands devices include Copy, Rename, Delete, Move, Format, and New Folder Next Next p.8.14 Fig. 8-14 p.8.14 Fig. 8-15 Operating System Operating System Functions Functions What is a file allocation table (FAT)? What are features of a network operating • A table of system? information that •Serveris computer that controls access to network operating system and provides centralized storage area uses to locate files • Other computers on network are called clients on a disk client • Reformatting disk usually erases only file allocation table server and leaves actual files on disk Next Next p.8. 15 p.8.15 Fig. 8-16 Operating System Operating System Functions Functions How do operating systems administer security? What is Active Directory (AD)? • Most multiuser operating systems allow each user to log on Active Directory (AD) Allows network User name administrators to manage all network information including users, devices, settings, and connections from central environment Password text box Next Next p.8.16 Fig. 8-17 p.8. 16 5 Types of Operating Types of Operating Systems Systems What are some characteristics of operating What are systems? three device-dependent categories of One that runs only on device-independent specific type of operating computer Runs on many proprietary software manufacturers’ systems? Privately owned and computers limited to specific vendor or computer downward-compatible model Recognizes and works upward-compatible with application software written for Written for earlier version earlier version of of operating system, but operating system also runs with new version Next Next p.8.17 p.8.17 Fig. 8-18 Stand-Alone Operating Stand-Alone Operating Systems Systems What is DOS (Disk Operating System)? What are features of most Windows operating • Refers to several single user operating systems systems? developed in the early 1980s for personal Active Registry Checker computers Desktop™ FAT32 Taskbar/toolbars Windows Explorer has a Update Wizard Web browser Increased speed look and feel Tune-Up Wizard Multiple display support commandscommands Universal enteredentered by by Serial Bus Hardware useruser support Next Next Accessibility Settings p.8.17 p.8.18 Wizard Stand-Alone Operating Network Operating Systems Systems What is Mac OS? What is UNIX? • Multitasking operating system available only for computers • Command-line multitasking operating system manufactured by Apple Apple’s Macintosh operating system was first commercially successful GUI Next Next p.8.21 Fig. 8-22 p.8.23 Fig. 8-24 6 Network Operating Network Operating Systems Systems What is Linux? What is Solaris? • Popular, free, open-source multitasking • UNIX-type operating system UNIX-type operating system designed specifically for e-commerce applications Open-source software means • Can manage high-traffic accounts code is available to • Incorporates security necessary for the public Web transactions • Developed by Sun Microsystems Next Next p.8.24 Fig. 8-25 p.8.25 Embedded Operating Utility Programs Systems What is an embedded operating system? What is a utility program? • Operating • System software that performs a specific task system found Pocket • Examples include: on most PC 2002 – File viewer file 1 before handheld – File compression defragmenting computers and – Diagnostic utility small devices – Uninstaller – Disk scanner file 1 after • Resides on a defragmenting ROM chip – Disk defragmenter – Backup utility Palm OS® – Screen saver Next Next results of p.8.