University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 2008 The orM al and Racial Socialization of Children: The mI age of Wu Feng in Taiwan School Readers Claire R. Maccabee University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses Part of the Chinese Studies Commons Maccabee, Claire R., "The orM al and Racial Socialization of Children: The mI age of Wu Feng in Taiwan School Readers" (2008). Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014. 171. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/171 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE MORAL AND RACIAL SOCIALIZATION OF CHILDREN: THE IMAGE OF WU FENG IN TAIWAN SCHOOL READERS A Thesis Presented by CLAIRE R. MACCABEE Submitted to the Graduate School of University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment for the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS September 2008 Chinese THE MORAL AND RACIAL SOCIALIZATION OF CHILDREN: THE IMAGE OF WU FENG IN TAIWAN SCHOOL READERS A Thesis Presented by CLAIRE R. MACCABEE Approved as to style and content by: ____________________________________ Alvin P. Cohen, Chair ____________________________________ Donald E. Gjertson, Member ____________________________________ Shaodan Luo, Member ________________________________________ Donald E. Gjertson, Director Asian Languages and Literatures _________________________________________ Julie Candler Hayes, Chair Department of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures DEDICATION First and foremost, to Professor Cohen, a phenomenal teacher, mentor, and friend. & To Zhong Zhen and Anar for showing me real friendship in Taiwan. ABSTRACT THE MORAL AND RACIAL SOCIALIZATION OF CHILDREN: THE IMAGE OF WU FENG IN TAIWAN SCHOOL READERS SEPTEMBER 2008 CLAIRE MACCABEE , B.A., BRYN MAWR COLLEGE M.A., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor Alvin P. Cohen The Taiwanese legend of Wu Feng who supposedly died in the mid-18 th century has passed down since the late Qing dynasty. Wu Feng was considered a righteous martyr- like figure who ultimately sacrificed himself in order to dissuade the Ali Mountain aborigines from their tradition of headhunting. This tale has evolved through different periods in Taiwanese history. The legend starting in the late Qing dynasty through Japanese Colonization, the early R.O.C. in Taiwan, and modern day Taiwan has been manipulated in a number of different ways and has been included as an example for moral education in Taiwan school textbooks until 1987. It seems that these changes or manipulations of the legend are indicative of broader changes occurring in Taiwanese society with a major transformation in race relations manifested in 1988. I will attempt to gain insight into the evolving school textbook version of the Wu Feng myth by studying its representation from the early 1950’s until the final version in 1987. iv TABLES OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................1 A. The Wu Feng Legend..........................................................................................1 B. Historical Background of the Indigenous People of Taiwan ..............................2 C. Relations between Han Chinese and the Indigenous People of Taiwan .............3 II. THE EARLIEST STAGES OF THE WU FENG ACCOUNT.....................................10 A. Primary Sources ..................................................................................................10 1. 海音詩, 1855..........................................................................................13 2. 雲林採訪冊, 1894..................................................................................14 3. 吳鳳通事, 1912......................................................................................18 4. 臺灣通史, 1919......................................................................................45 III. THE RECENT STAGES OF THE WU FENG ACCOUNT.......................................53 A. Morality in Chinese Culture, Education, etc........................................................53 1. Moral Textbooks....................................................................................64 2. Wu Feng in Moral Textbooks................................................................73 B. Han and Non-Han Race Relations ........................................................................74 C. Wu Feng Account in Public School Textbooks in the R.O.C. on Taiwan............79 1. Modern Textbooks.................................................................................79 a. Chinese Readers…………………………………………………….81 i. 1950 Chinese Reader ........................................................................81 ii. 1952 Chinese Reader .......................................................................85 iii. 1954 Chinese Reader......................................................................96 iv. 1957 Textbook ..............................................................................103 v. 1963 Music Textbook ....................................................................110 vi. 1966 Textbook ..............................................................................113 v vii. 1968 Textbook.............................................................................116 viii. 1969 Textbook............................................................................121 ix. 1971 Teacher’s Manuel ................................................................125 x. 1975 Life and Ethics Textbook......................................................132 xi. 1978 Life and Ethics Textbook.....................................................140 xii. 1985 Life and Ethics Textbook....................................................141 xiii. 1985 Social Studies Textbook ....................................................150 xiv. 1986 Social Studies Textbook ....................................................152 xv. 1987 Life and Ethics Textbook....................................................154 xvi. 1988 Life and Ethics Textbook...................................................157 IV. EVOLUTION OF WU FENG’S IMAGE IN TEXTBOOKS IN REGARD TO TAIWANESE NATIONALITY, MORALITY, AND PERCEPTION OF ABORIGINES .................................................................................................................158 A. The Significance of the Wu Feng Account in Taiwan Textbooks..................158 B. The Reaction against the Wu Feng Account in the 1970s and 1980s.............162 C. The Elimination of the Wu Feng Account from textbooks.............................164 1. Objections to the Wu Feng Legend .....................................................164 a. Aborigine Objections .......................................................................164 b. Han Objections.................................................................................166 2. Supporters of the Wu Feng Legend .....................................................168 a. Wu Feng International Lions Club...................................................168 3. Comparison Between Aborigine and Han Understanding of the Wu Feng Legend and its Elimination ................................................170 4. Role of the Ministry of Education of Taiwan ......................................173 D. Wu Feng’s Current Image...............................................................................175 1. In Jia-Yi County...................................................................................175 2. Elsewhere in Taiwan............................................................................178 V. CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................185 A. The Wu Feng Legend: General Trends...........................................................185 1. Wu Feng in Moral Textbooks the Socialization of Martrydom...........186 2. “White-Washing” of Wu Feng Tale ....................................................187 3. Changing Terminology ........................................................................189 4. Semantic Assimilation .........................................................................192 vi B. The Aftermath of Wu Feng Legend: Han and Non-Han Relations Now ..........192 C. Han and Aborigine Relations in Taiwan Now...................................................194 VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................197 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Wu Feng Stories Distinguished by Type of Textbook from 1950-1988 ......................80 2. Table 2: Changing Terminology for Aborigines in Wu Feng Textbook Stories from 1950-1988 .............................................................................................161 3. Table 3: Results 1........................................................................................................179 4. Table