TRANSACTIONS OF THE HISTORIC SOCIETY LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE. VOLUME IX. SESSION 1856 57. LONDON: J. H. PARKER, 377, STRAND. LIVERPOOL: T. BRAKELL, KlINTER, COOK STEEF.T. This Volume has heen edited by the Secretary, tinder the direction of the Council. The writers of Papers, however, are alone responsible for the facts and opinions contained in their respective communications. DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER. TO FACE FiGB PLATE I. Map of the neighbourhood of Burnley ........................... 33 II. Funeral Urn and Two Ivory Bodkins found at Caflow......... 42 III. Remains found in the " Castle Hill," Penwortham ............ 62 IV. Metal Articles found in the " Castle Hill," Penwortham...... 67 V. Maps to illustrate Commerce of the Medial East............... 120 VI. Map showing proposed Kailway and Steam Communication with India ............................................................ 120 VII. Copy of Kubbing from the Tomb of Theodore Paleologus ... 218 VIII. Symbols of Liverpool Library ....................................... 285 I.. Ivory Diptych J^sculapius and Hygeia .......................... 251 X. Ivory Diptych Flavius Clementinus .............................. 266 XI. Sectional Elevation of High Pressure Vortex Wheel ......... 280 XII. Plan of High Pressure Vortex Wheel.............................. 280 XIII. Fibula and Silver Bracelet............................................. 290 XIV, Gold Bracelet and " Halse-ring" .................................... 290 XV. Gold Ring money and Fibulae ....................................... 290 XVI. Truncated Collar and Torque ....................................... 290 Plates I, II, V, VI, VII and IX have been prepared by direction of the Council, at the expense of the Society. Plates III and IV were lent on the stone, by Mr. Hardwick, by whom they were drawn; and the plates of XI and XII were lent by the British Associa­ tion for the Advancement of Science. Plate VIII is lent by the Committee of the Liverpool Library; and X by Mr. Mayer. Half the cost of XIII, XIV, XV and XVI is borne by Sir Thos. Tobin, F.S.A. COUNCIL AND OFFICERS FOR 1856-57. Major-General The Hon. Sir EDWABD CUST, K.C.H., D.C.L., F.K.S., Leasowe Castle. Ex OPPICIIS. ELECTED. The MAYOR OF LIVERPOOL. JOHN T. DANSON, F.S.S. The HIGH SHERIFF OF LANCASHIRE. JOHN HARTNUP, F.E.A.S. The Hiou SHERIFF OF CHESHIRE. The Eev. J. S. HOWSON, M.A. Stttionnl JUUmfcers * of (Council. ARCH/EOLOGY. LITERATURE. SCIENCE. W. BLACKMORE, Esq. JOSEPH BOULT, Esq. WILLIAM BEAN, Esq. J. N. CROSSE, F.S.S. H. A. BRIGHT, B.A. G. M. BROWSE, Esq. SAMDBL GATH, Esq. DAVID BOXTON, M.H.S.L. THOMAS NUTTALL, F.L.S. JOHN O. JACOB, Esq. WILLIAM BURKE, Esq. T. O. BYLANDS, Esq. P. MACINTYRE, M.D. JOHN F. MARSH, Esq. T. SANSOM, A.L.S., F.B.S.E. PHTER E. McQoiE, Esq. Eev. A. KANSAY, M.A. J. T. TOWSON, Esq. 3u6ratnn. Eev. THOMAS MOORE, M.A., 6S, Oxford Street, Liverpool. fflurator. JOSEPH MAYEB, F.S.A., M.B.Aaiat.S., F.B.8., &c , 68, Lord Street, Liverpool. treasurer. THOMAS ATISON, F.S.A., 16, Cook Street, Liverpool. ^011. Sccrttatg. Eev. A. HnME, D.C.L., LL.D., F.S.A., 24, Clarence Street, Everton. Assistant Stcrttnnj. W. W. EUNDELL, Esq. * In accordance with Law XX, the Council added the following Members from the Society to the Sectional Committees. Arc/ueology. EDWARD BENN, Esq., J. CLEMENTS, Esq., HENRY JOHNSON, Esq., Captain JAMES MIDDLETON, F.S.A. Literature.' A. W. HUNT, Esq., B.A., D. LAMB, Esq., ALEXANDER M'li.VEEN, Esq., JOHN POOIB, Esq. Science. ^HENRY ATUERTON, Esq., H. J. CAUTY, Esq., HKNRT DAWSOH, Esq., WILLIAM MILNES, Esq. CONTENTS. [Papers marked thus * are illustrated. Those marked thus + have been abridged.] r»OE. On the Language of Lancashire under the Romans. By R. G. Lathara, M.A., M.D..F.R.S. ............................................................ 1 On the importance of testing Chronometers before they are used at Sea, with examples tc show how their most common faults may be detected. By John Hartnup, F.R.A.S., V.P. ........................... 11 * On the Battle of Brunanburh, and the probable locality of the conflict. By T. T. Wilkinson, F.R.A.S................................................. 21 Notes on the Yak, or Grunting Ox, and other Ruminating Animals from Central Asia. By T. J. Moore, Esq...................... ................. 43 * The Castle Hill of Penworthara. By Rev. W. Thornber, A.B., Trin. Col. Oxon.................................................................. 01 On Resemblance, Imitation and Plagiarism in English Poetry. By- David Buxtou, M.R.L.8....................................................... 77 The Faussett Museum, as affording materials for History. By John Robson, M.D. ... .............................................................. 85 On some Fossil Trees recently discovered at Burnley. By T. T. Wil­ kinson, F.R.AS. ............................................................... no On Comparative Philology, considered as an Aid to History. By Rev. A. Ramsay, M.A. ............................................................... 105 * Commerce of the Medial East. By John Locke, A.B., F.S.S............. 119 On the Perfect r-Partitions of r' r + 1. By Rev. T. P. Kirkman, A.M., F.R.S. .............................. ...................................... 127 On the History of the English Language. By Thomas Wright, M.A., F.S.A............................................................................... 143 On the Lepidopterous Insects of the District around Liverpool. By Charles Stewart Gregson...................................................... 165 On the People of the English Lake Country, their origin, history and character. By A. Craig Gibson, Esq. .................................... 181 On the Population of Lancashire and Cheshire, and its local distribu­ tion during the Fifty Years 1801-51. By J. T. Dansou, V.P. and T. A. Welton, Esqs.............................................................. 195 Vlll PAGE. * A Visit to tho Tomb of Theodore Paleologus. By John Thomas Towson,Esq...................................................................... 213 Results of an Examination of the Records of the Liverpool Self-Regis­ tering Tide Gauge, for the years 1854, 1855, and 1850. By Lieut. Murray T. Parks, R.N. ...................................................... 223 f The Characters of Macbeth and Richard the Third, according to Shak- speare, compared. By James Stonehouse, Esq......................... 227 * Historical Sketch of the Liverpool Library. By P. Macintyre, M.D.... 235 *f Remarks on Ancient Ivory Carvings. By Francis Pulszky, F.H.A. ... 245 List of Members ..................................................................... ix Proceedings, Ninth Session, 1856-57............................................. 259 Report presented at Annual General Meeting................................. 259 Treasurer's Balance Sheet ......................................................... 261 Remarks on the Financial Position of the Society. By Rev. A. Hume, D.C.L.............................................................................. 262 Opening Address. By J. T. Danson, F.S.S..................................... 260 f On the relation between the Material Progress of the United States and the Capital and Labour of Europeans. By E. Clibborn, Esq.,R.I.A. 271 f On Binocular Vision and the Theory of the Stereoscope. By John Newton,Esq...................... ............................................... 272 *|On a Vortex Wheel near Kendal, with remarks on Water Wheels. By George Grazebrook.F.S.A................................................ 280 [Remarks on the Life and Writings of Thomas Hoggart, of Troutbeck. By A. Craig Gibson, Esq.] ................................................... 285 [The Hoylake Antiquities. By Rev. A. Hume, D.C.L.] .................. 289 Concluding Address. By Rev. A. Hume, D.C.L.............................. 292 Appendix Extra Meeting ; Conversazione at the Egyptian Museum ...... 295 Special General Meeting; Diploma to Rev. Dr. Thorn ............ 296 Address to William Brown, Esq., M.P. 296 __ Excursion to Manchester............... 298 Conversazione at the Town Hall...... 298 Index .................................................................................... 300 LIST OF MEMBERS. SESSION IX, 1856-7. i The first List was dated 23rd November, 1848; all whose names appeared in it, are therefore ] Original Members. Those who have been enrolled as Mayors or Sheriffs have their year of i office attached. The letter P denotes that the Members in connexion with whose names it occurs, have read Papers before the Society. Those whose names are printed in SMALL CAPITALS are Members of the Council; and in italics are Life Members. Those marked thns * are Besident. The post town Liverpool is usually omitted. 23rd Nov., 1848. Ainslie, Montague, Grizedale, Hawkahead, Lancashire. Oth Dec., 1855. Allcard, William, 43, Upper Brooke street, Grosvenor square, London. 18th Sept., 1854. *Allport, William, 11, Dale street. 10th Feb., 1853. *Anderson, Robert Worrall, 23, Falkner square. 3rd May, 1849. *Anderson, Thomas Francis, Holly Lodge, Fairfield, and 3, Cable street. 4th Dec., 1850. Ansdell, John, St. Helens. 23rd Nov., 1848. Ansdell,Richard,7,Victoria Road,Kensington,London. 15th Sept, 1854. Arrowsmith, P. R., The Ferns, Bolton. llth May, 1854. Aspland, Rev. R. Brook, M.A., Dukinfield, Ashton- under-Lyne. 14th Dec., 1848. *Astley, John, Worrall Buildings, 11, New Wapping, and Rock Ferry, Cheshire. 4th April, 1850. Aston, Walter, Chadderton Hall, and Blue Boar Court,